Archaeologia Islandica - 01.01.2010, Page 47

Archaeologia Islandica - 01.01.2010, Page 47
THREE DECADES IN THE COLD AND WET: A CAREER IN NORTHERN ARCHAEOLOGY interactions, or “human ecodynamics”, many of which contradict or modify the picture we provided Jared Diamond when he was doing his research for Collapse nearly a decade ago. This earli- er view saw humans in Iceland as destructive agents of widespread envi- ronmental change (especially deforesta- tion and soil erosion), who introduced a farming economy and an associated set of cultural expectations formed in less vul- nerable ecosystems in Norway or Britain that had unexpectedly adverse impacts in Iceland. Early Icelandic settlers were per- ceived as poor resource managers who regularly drew down the natural capital of soils, vegetation, and wild animals accumulated prior to human settlement and thus left their descendants with an impoverished landscape vulnerable to subsequent climate change, volcanic eruption, and early globalization impacts. Multiple site excavations and geo- archaeology trenches tied together with the isochrones provided by volcanic tephra (backed by a large series of AMS radiocarbon and a growing number of datable artifacts) built up over multiple field seasons now provide some chal- lenges to this view of human ecodynam- ics in Iceland. In the Mývatn region the early settlement period sites datable to ca. 875-940 analyzed to date do reflect what we now recognize as a standard “Landnám package" of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses. Zooarchaeological analysis has made plain that this package of animals was altered a number of times, most likely in response to both climatic pressures but also to political and market pressures. Archaeofuana from the Thomas McGovern; photograph taken in 2010 Mývatn sites show that the initial Landnám faunal profíle changed during the llth century as pigs and goats become increasingly rare, eventually effectively disappearing from the Icelandic archaeofaunal record by the mid 12th century. The medieval Grágás law code makes clear that pigs and goats needed control precisely to manage adverse environmental impacts (Dennis et al. 2000) and that the zooarchaeological shifts in species frequency are the result of rational assessment of cost and benefíts that were enforced on the community scale. These changes in husbandry strategies suggest that the Icelandic farmers were not all conservative 'prisoners of culture' incapable of responding to changing conditions around them or that they were incapable of using animals to create a landscape of their liking. The goats and pigs (who are such 45
Page 1
Page 2
Page 3
Page 4
Page 5
Page 6
Page 7
Page 8
Page 9
Page 10
Page 11
Page 12
Page 13
Page 14
Page 15
Page 16
Page 17
Page 18
Page 19
Page 20
Page 21
Page 22
Page 23
Page 24
Page 25
Page 26
Page 27
Page 28
Page 29
Page 30
Page 31
Page 32
Page 33
Page 34
Page 35
Page 36
Page 37
Page 38
Page 39
Page 40
Page 41
Page 42
Page 43
Page 44
Page 45
Page 46
Page 47
Page 48
Page 49
Page 50
Page 51
Page 52
Page 53
Page 54
Page 55
Page 56
Page 57
Page 58
Page 59
Page 60
Page 61
Page 62
Page 63
Page 64
Page 65
Page 66
Page 67
Page 68
Page 69
Page 70
Page 71
Page 72
Page 73
Page 74
Page 75
Page 76
Page 77
Page 78
Page 79
Page 80
Page 81
Page 82
Page 83
Page 84
Page 85
Page 86
Page 87
Page 88
Page 89
Page 90
Page 91
Page 92
Page 93
Page 94
Page 95
Page 96
Page 97
Page 98
Page 99
Page 100
Page 101
Page 102
Page 103
Page 104
Page 105
Page 106
Page 107
Page 108
Page 109
Page 110
Page 111
Page 112
Page 113
Page 114
Page 115
Page 116
Page 117
Page 118
Page 119
Page 120
Page 121
Page 122
Page 123
Page 124
Page 125
Page 126
Page 127
Page 128
Page 129
Page 130
Page 131
Page 132

x

Archaeologia Islandica

Direct Links

If you want to link to this newspaper/magazine, please use these links:

Link to this newspaper/magazine: Archaeologia Islandica
https://timarit.is/publication/1160

Link to this issue:

Link to this page:

Link to this article:

Please do not link directly to images or PDFs on Timarit.is as such URLs may change without warning. Please use the URLs provided above for linking to the website.