Jökull


Jökull - 01.12.1987, Page 27

Jökull - 01.12.1987, Page 27
by cooling of the flowing fluids which results from boil- ing. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WELL FLUIDS The chemical properties of the well fluids have been monitored regularly especially to obtain information on the influence of the magmatic activity in the region, as it affects the gas content of the geothermal fluid and the associated tendency to deposit iron sulphides and sil- icates which blocked some of the best producers among the wells (Ármannsson et al. 1982). The chemical regime is complicated and it may be said that of the 22 wells which have been sampled no two have fluids with the same chemical composition. There are, however, certain characteristics common to fluids from all wells and others which characterize groups of wells. These have been used as an aid in the devel- opment of a model of the area. The fluids from all the wells are relatively dilute (TDS <1500 ppm) and most of them can be shown to be close to a neutral pH at depth. The fluids have been divided into 6 groups according to their chemical chasracteristics (Table 4) and each group is thought to give information on origin and upflow zones. A comparison between measured temperatures Tmeas and carbon dioxide geothermometry temperatures TC02 (Arnórsson & Gunnlaugsson 1985 and Armannsson et al. 1982) has been used to infer whether magmatic gas was present in the fluids of a particular well. This is possible since the modified magmatic gas is predom- inantly carbon dioxide. Another parameter which has been used to monitor the same effect is the C02/H2S ratio which tends to be high where magmatic gas occurs. From Table 4 it is apparent that only the Leirbotnar wells have been severely affected, the northern ones acutely but the southern ones to a varying degrees. The very low chloride values found in some fluids are thought to originate from water which has some time TABLE 4 KRAFLA FLUIDS. DIVISION ACCORDING TO CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESERVOIR. Group No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Leir- Leir- Leir- Hvera- Suður- Hvít- Hvít- botnar botnar botnar gil hlíðar hólar hólar Upper Lower Lower Upper Lower zone zone.N zone.S part part Drawing wells mostly 2, 3A,5 15 13 and 14, 17 21 — 7 and 8 20 and 19 partly 1, 2, 3, 4 and 3,6 7 7, 12 16, 12 22 22 - 4, 6,7, 9, 10 9 and 11 and 1 and 1 - 10 and 11 Chemical character- sitics11 TCO, =Tmeas >Tmeas Variable =Tmeas =Tmeas =Tmeas Low C1 ca 30 10-20 <10 >40 <10 >100 <10 Na/Cl 5-10 5-15 5-10 1-2 3-6 ca 1 calO co2/h2s <10 >30 Variable 20-30 10-20 <10 F/ClxlO3 10-50 >100 10-50 10-50 >100 <10 >100 11 Cl: mg/kg. Ratios: mg/mg. 25
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