Jökull


Jökull - 01.12.1987, Side 67

Jökull - 01.12.1987, Side 67
ment debris flows or slumps off an ice front and/or submarine morainal bank were deposited as vaguely defined lobes or lenses together with stratified sands from meltwater streams. The deposition by flow mechanisms of glacigenic de- bris in the ice-proximal glaciomarine and glaciolacus- trine environments has been discussed by various au- thors during the past few years, and the existence of subaqueous deposits of an origin similar to Boulton’s (1968) “flow tills” and Lawson 's (1979) “sediment flows” is well established (May 1977, Evenson etal. 1977, Drei- manis 1979, Hicock et al. 1981, Cheel and Rust 1982, f>oive//1983a,1983b,Z)omacZ:1983, Gravenoretal. 1984, Broster and Hicock 1985, Eyles et al. 1985). The charac- teristics of glaciogenic subaqueous debris flow deposits include unit geometries, deformation structures result- mg from penecontemporaneous slumping and liquefac- tion, flow structures formed during deposition, and con- tent of glacially abraded clasts. Gravenor et al. (1984) stated that in most cases it is difficult to determine if a debris flow originated directly from ice surface or from a break in the paleoslope or an unstable pile-up of debris in the proglacial environment. They suggested that such flows should be called “glaciogenic subaquatic debris flows”, indiscriminately of flow origin. The Asbakkar diamicton, a discussion: The maximum thickness of the Ásbakkar diamicton is 35-40 m. Radiocarbon dated shells place its deposition between about 12.500 and 12.00014C years BP (Table III, samples R, to Rs). The radiocarbon dated shells give decreasing ages upwards in the sequence, and from them sedimentation rates of 0.54 x 10 m • y'1 to 3.6 xL0': m • y'1 can be calculated for the lower, fossili- ferous part of the sequence. This can be compared to average Holocene glaciomarine sedimentation rates for the Gulf of Alaska shelf, 0.45 x 10': m • y'1 (Molnia 1983), and 5 x 10'2 m ■ y'1 to 1 x 10'1 m ■ y--1 for the inner basin of Kongsfjorden, W-Spitsbergen (Elverhöi et al. 1983). The Ásbakkar diamicton is bounded upwards by a glacial unconformity except in the southern part of the cliffs, from ca. 3650 m, where it is partly conformably overlain by the Ás beds (see later). The thickness of the Ásbakkar diamicton in the section ranges from a few cm to about 25 m. It is compact and sometimes lithified. A thin section study showed a tendency of sideromelane table III. Radiocarbon dates of subfossil marine shells collected from the Melabakkar-Ásbakkar sequence. Tafla III. Geislakolsaldur fornskelja úr Mela- og Ásbökkum. Location no. (Fig. 2) Sample name m above sea level 14C date, years BP Species Reference no of date R, Melabakkar-Melaleiti 2 12.465±110 Chlamys islandica (Muller) Lu-2193 R, Melabakkar-Melaleiti 2 4 12.095 ±120 Chlamys islandica (Muller), Mya truncata (Linné) Lu-2192 r3 Ásbakkar 1 2-3 12.505±110 Chlamys islandica (Muller) Lu-2195 r3 Ás 23-25 12.015± 110 Chlamys islandica Lu-2379 r5 Ásbakkar 3 3-4 11,945± 110 Chlamys islandica (Muller), Hiatella arctica (Linné), Balanus ssp. Lu-2377 r6 Ásbakkar-Ásgil 1 2-3 11.615± 130 Chlamys islandica (Muller), Mya truncata (Linné), Buccinum spp., Balanus spp. Lu-2196 r7 Ásbakkar-Ásgil 2 3-4 11.715 ±120 Chlamys islandica (Muller), Mya truncata (Linné), Hiatella arctica (Linné), Astarte elliptica (Brown) Lu-2372 r8 Ásbakkar-Ásgil 3 3-4 11.545 ±140 Chlamys islandica spp., Balanus spp. Lu-2373 R9 Ásbakkar 2 6-8 11.465±100 Mya truncata (Linné), Hiatella arctica (Linné) Lu-2376 rio (Scattered fragments) Melabakkar-Melar 1 3-20 11.985±120 Chlamys islandica (Muller), Mya truncata (Linné), Balanus balanus (Linné), + un- identified fragments. Lu-2375 All samples are referred to 0.95 NBS oxalic acid standard, using the value of 5568 for the half life of 14C. The base year is 1950. Corrections for I3C/12C ratios and apparent age of living marine organisms have been made for all samples, using the reservoir age 365 ± 20 years (Hákansson 1983). Samples R„ R,, R3 and R6 were described and discussed by H&kansson (1984). 65
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