Archaeologia Islandica - 01.01.2002, Side 122

Archaeologia Islandica - 01.01.2002, Side 122
Orri Vésteinsson, Thomas H. McGovern, Christian Keller Model of three main types of settlement in lceland □ Large complex settlements O Large simple settlements O Planned settlements Figl. 9. Schematic representation of the three principal types of settlement in Iceland. centuries. The three types are large com- plex settlements, large simple settlements and planned settlements. In the follow- ing discussion a settlement is seen as consisting of a number of households which can be independent farms (imply- ing ownership or at least control over the holding) or cottages, which often were periodically deserted; were always occu- pied by tenants and were not considered as units which could be bought or inher- ited independently of the farm of which they formed a part. Large complex settlements. Settlements dominating land which was not forested at the time of the landnám and which has rich meadows have as a rule also access to a wide range of other resources. They tend to own upland pas- ture as well as lowland meadow, either as a single continuous holding or as detached segments. They also tend to have access to at least one form of hunt- ing (seals, marine- or freshwater fish, birds) and gathering (eggs, kelp, edible grasses) and have a good water and fuel (wood, peat) supply. Properties of this type are as a rule made up of a number of households and in the Late Middle Ages they appear either as large estates with a single central (often quite complex) household and a number of cottages clus- tered around it and others scattered about the edges of the property, or as a cluster of middle-sized or even small properties each with a single household which as a rule have good conditions for cattle farm- ing but may have limited access to other resources. The large estates were nor- mally the political centers in their areas, usually occupied by a chieftain or at least an independent farmer of local impor- tance and they tended to have a parish- church associated with them serving as the focus of the local community. The clusters of small or middle-sized proper- ties found in some wetland areas are rarely associated with political influence but they are sometimes bordered by smaller estates with parish-churches. Large simple settlements. These smaller estates represent the sec- ond type of settlement. That is large hold- ings with a smaller number of house- holds than the large estates and clusters of farms, but with reasonable access to resources, although usually not as varied as the large estates. Commonly they have much less meadow, especially high quality meadow, but they often have very large areas of other pasture. This sort of holding tends to occupy land which will 120
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