Jökull


Jökull - 01.12.2006, Síða 74

Jökull - 01.12.2006, Síða 74
David W. McGarvie et al. and more-evolved rhyolites progressing to younger and less-evolved rhyolites seen on Figures 6 and 7 over a c. 300 ka period, and supported by data in Mc- Garvie (1985) and Ívarsson (1992). In the absence of detailed information on the pro- duction of rhyolitic magmas through time (which does not yet exist for Torfajökull, except during the Holocene), the general trends shown on Figures 6 and 7 (which span four glacial maxima, see Figure 5) can be interpreted as suggesting that variations in ice thickness may have had no effect on the composi- tion of erupted melts. This contrasts with how basaltic magma systems respond to ice loading and unload- ing, as they show excellent evidence of higher produc- tion rates (and subtly-different compositions) during deglaciation (e.g. Jull and Mackenzie, 1996; Slater et al., 1998; Maclennan et al., 2002). The reason(s) for this difference require further investigation, but it is suggested that these may be linked to differences in magma generation, with basalt dominated by man- tle processes and rhyolite dominated by crustal pro- cesses. In emphasising this difference, it is notewor- thy that immediately following the last deglaciation, whilst basaltic magma systems across Iceland were erupting at rates >30 times higher than at present, no corresponding pulse in Holocene rhyolitic eruptions occurred at Torfajökull, Iceland’s largest active rhyo- lite central volcano. CONCLUSIONS • Five new Ar-Ar ages of Pleistocene rhyolites from the Torfajökull central volcano range from 384 ka to 67 ka, and span four glacial peri- ods (Fuhne, OI stage 10), Drenthe (OI stage 8), Warthe (OI stage 6), and Weichselian (OI stages 4 and 2). • For three of the ages there is good correlation between the climatic conditions indicated by the oxygen isotope record (cold, during glacial periods), and the field evidence indicating erup- tion of rhyolite into thick ice sheets. This repre- sents the first step towards developing a rhyolite tuya proxy for past ice sheet thicknesses. • Two Ar-Ar ages of 67±9 ka and 72±7 ka that were obtained on widely-separated tuyas of the postulated c. 16 km3 ring fracture eruption (McGarvie, 1984) strengthen the argument that a large eruptive event took place during the We- ichselian, with the eruption probably occurring during (cold) OI stage 4. • Whole-rock geochemical data confirm a trend of decreasing peralkalinity with time, with the most recent (Holocene) rhyolites being dom- inated by subalkaline compositions. A near- linear trend of trace element concentrations with time requires further investigation, as it may simply be an artefact of the small data set. If the near-linear trend is real, then it raises the question of how a magma system can evacuate batches of magma of successively less-evolved composition over a period span- ning c. 300 ka, in a fashion that mimics the enrichment-depletion trace element signatures of individual compositionally-zoned eruptions. • Further work should involve improvements in the Ar-Ar method to reduce uncertainties on the ages of younger (<400 ka) rhyolites, which will enable better information on ice sheet thick- nesses for constraining paleoclimate models. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS John Watson (OU) is thanked for doing the XRF anal- ysis. Special thanks go to Mark Davies (OU) for moti- vation and good humour during fieldwork at Torfajök- ull. Thanks also go to Smári, Nina, Eydís, and Daði at Landmannalaugar for good cheer and a solid roof dur- ing poor weather. Discussions with Ray Macdonald, John Smellie, Jennie Gilbert, Harry Pinkerton, Gret- ar Ívarsson and Magnús Tumi Guðmundsson helped to shape various parts of this paper. Ben Edwards and an anonymous reviewer are thanked for thorough and constructive comments that improved the final paper. Finally, we wish to thank Bryndís Brandsdóttir for her editorial acumen. 72 JÖKULL No. 56
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