Gripla - 01.01.1977, Qupperneq 155

Gripla - 01.01.1977, Qupperneq 155
JANEZ ORESNIK MODERN ICELANDIC U-UMLAUT FROM THE DESCRIPTIVE POINT OF VIEW Survey. Par.l: The present study investigates the so-called u-umlaut alternations /a—ö/ and /a—y/, and is arbitrarily limited to u-umlaut alternations within morphological paradigms. Par. 2: It is necessary to distinguish between u-umlaut in monosylla- bic and u-umlaut in polysyllabic stems. Monosyllabic stems display only the alternation /a—ö/, e.g. barn—börn. Polysyllabic stems mani- fest two types of u-umlaut, Final and Initial umlaut. A stem shows Final umlaut if the alternation /a—ö/ occurs in the last syllable of the stem only, e.g. almanak■—almanök. This type of u-umlaut is normal and productive in polysyllabic stems. A stem manifests Initial umlaut if it undergoes the alternation /a—ö/ in its stressed syllable and-or the alternation /a—y/ in its unstressed syllable(s), e.g. gamall—gömul. There are astonishingly few reliable examples of Initial umlaut, and a few classes of ambiguous examples. Beside Final and Initial umlauts there is a special marginal type illustrated by hafald'—höföld. A few lexical items, such as hérað, display more than one type of u-umlaut, e-g. héruð—héröð. Par. 3 describes the phonological properties of the environments in which u-umlaut shows up. Stems which manifest u-umlaut are often followed by w-initial desinences, e.g. göml-um, but just as often such stems are not followed by anything, e.g. gömul, or by endings which do not begin with u, e.g. börn-in. Par. 4 enumerates the morphological en- vironments in which u-umlaut takes place in nouns, adjectives and verbs. Par. 5 enumerates the inflexional classes of words in which the basic vowel of the u-umlaut alternation is more likely /ö/ than /a/. Par. 6 studies the u-umlaut alternation /au—öi/, which occurs before palatal or velar nasal (e.g. langur—löngum), and the behaviour of the diphthong /ai/ with respect to the u-umlaut.1 1 My thanks are due to Miss Margaret G. Davis, who has corrected my English,
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