Jökull

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Jökull - 01.01.2017, Qupperneq 68

Jökull - 01.01.2017, Qupperneq 68
Jöklabreytingar af gömlum ljósmyndum Breiðamerkurjökull og Fjallsjökull 1935 Þann 3. júlí 1935 tók Helgi Arason (frá Fagurhóls- mýri) mynd af bræðrunum Sigurði og Ara Björnssyni frá Kvískerjum, nærri jaðri Breiðamerkurjökuls, með sjónarhorn á Miðaftanstind og Rákartind í Breiða- merkurfjalli (11. mynd). Á þeim tíma var fjallið enn umlukið Breiðamerkurjökli og Fjallsjökli. Jökullinn hafði þá hopað um 0,7 km á þessum slóðum frá há- marksstöðu um 1880–1890 en þó voru enn 1,75 km yfir jökul að fara, frá sporði og í Breiðamerkurfjall, þar sem styttst var. Lón voru farin að myndast við jaðar Breiðamerkurjökuls, forstig Jökulsárlóns á mið- biki Breiðmerkursands, og ekki fjarri þeim stað þar sem myndin var tekin, Breiðárlón. Árið 2015 leitaði annar höfunda (SG) staðinn uppi, þaðan sem Helgi hafði tekið myndina og endurtók myndatökuna. Þá voru næstum full 80 ár liðin frá því að Helgi og bræð- urnir stóðu þarna. Eftir 1935 hefur jökullinn á þessum slóðum hopað rúma 3,4 km og því samtals um 4,2 km frá hámarksstöðu. Myndirnar endurspegla ekki aðeins rýrnun jökulsins heldur landbreytingar framan við þar sem sporðurinn lá. Ís hefur þiðnað og sum grettistök standa nú hærra upp úr jökulaurnum, líklega vegna frostlyftingar. Niðurlag Ljósmyndir af jöklum, eins og hér hafa verið kynnt- ar, reynast ómetanlegar til að varpa ljósi á jökulhop á áratugunum eftir að danska herforingjaráðið kortlagði Ísland og áður en AMS tók loftmyndir til kortagerð- ar árin 1945–1946. Greinin bætir nokkru við fróðleik um gamlar og nýjar ljósmyndir af jöklum þó að þess- um þætti verði seint gerð full skil. Á undanförnum ár- um hafa höfundar safnað slíkum upplýsingum til þess að bæta sýn á þetta tímabil en fá eða engin kort voru þá gerð af íslenskum jöklum. Ljósmyndirnar eru nær einu heimildirnar um stöðu jökla frá þessum árum. SURVEYING GLACIER RETREAT BASED ON OLD PHOTOGRAPHS How the retreat of outlet glaciers of Vatnajökull ice cap, Southeast Iceland, proceeded in the period be- tween 1904 to 1945, is vaguely known. In 1904 the area was surveyed by the Danish General Staff (DGS) and in 1945 aerial photographs were used to produce accurate maps by the American Map Service (AMS). Only few photographs are known that give insight to the size and extent of the glaciers in the first decades of the 20th century. Here we introduce a small num- ber of photographs from the period between 1904 and the 1930s. The location of six of these photographs was identified and the action repeated. We present a map of the outlets of SE-Vatnajökull along with photographs taken in their vicinity. Mýrar- jöklar is a synonym for the three outlets, Skálafell- sjökull, Heinabergsjökull and Fláajökull (Figure 1). Photographs taken during the 1904 survey by the DGS, provide a perspective of the size and distribu- tion of the post-Little Ice Age Skálafellsjökull and Heinabergsjökull outlet glaciers. The Danish ethno- grapher and archaeologist Daniel Bruun (1856–1931) participated in the land surveying of the DGS 1903– 1904, in Southeast-Iceland. Recently, the locations of two of his photographs were identified and pho- tographed for comparison (Figures 4 and 8). We discuss changes, especially of the Fláajökul outlet with examples from the 1930s. A wide angle shot, taken onboard the airship Graf Zeppelin, which visited Iceland in 1930 and 1931, shows the Mýra- jöklar outlets (Figure 5), on the morning of 17 July 1930, on way to Reykjavík. A recent photo is added for comparison. Two photos, from 1935 and 1937, by the late Icelandic geologist Sigurður Þórarinsson are also presented (Figures 6 and 7). Location of the exposures were revisited for repeat photography and comparison. In 1904 the Mýrajöklar outlet glaciers had re- treated 0.2–0.7 km. In 1930, the Fláajökull outlet had retreated 0.4–0.8 km, while the Skálafellsjökull and Heinabergsjökull retreated 0.9–1.5 km. In 2017 these glaciers had retreated 2.2–3.0 km since their Little Ice Age maximum extent in the 1890s. A few photographs of Breiðamerkurjökull outlet glacier exist from the beginning of the 20th century and the 1930s. A drawing by D. Bruun, of the out- let (Figure 8) is most likely based on a photograph he took in 1903 or 1904. The drawing shows men on horseback and a scenic view from Reynivellir, the westernmost farm in the Suðursveit district, to- JÖKULL No. 67, 2017 63
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