Leyfi til að elska - mar. 2023, Side 28

4 Journal of Family Issues 00(0)
obtained from 126 respondents. Participants were parents of a child from
whom they were alienated at the time of completing the survey. Respondents’
were male (n = 59) and female (n = 67), between the ages of 25 and 68 years
residing in various countries: Australia (n = 44), Belgium (n = 1), Canada
(n = 12), India (n = 1), Ireland (n = 2), New Zealand (n = 3), United Kingdom
(n = 3), and the United States (n = 60). Further details pertaining to the char-
acteristics of the parents who completed the survey can be seen in Balmer,
Matthewson, and Haines (2018).
Materials
Materials used in this study included an online survey. The online survey
included 13 researcher developed sociodemographic questions pertaining to
the context in which parental alienation occurred as well as to determine
common characteristics among the participants. The survey also measured
the targeted parents’ recall of exposure to alienating behaviors via a 13 items
measure also developed by the researchers. Published measures included in
the survey were as follows: The Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM; Peacock &
Wong, 1990), the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (Lovibond &
Lovibond, 1995), the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSCS), and the
Parent–Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI; Gerard, 1994). Further details
about the survey can be seen in Balmer et al. (2018).
Procedure
Ethics approval was obtained from the University of Tasmania’s Social
Sciences Human Research Ethics Committee. The research was advertised
via consenting private psychology and legal practices and nongovernment
organizations providing assistance to parents experiencing parental alien-
ation. To obtain an international sample, an international online support
group for people experiencing parental alienation also advertised the study
on the researchers’ behalf. The recruitment advertisement asked potential
participants to contact the researchers or complete the survey via a web
link if they had ever been isolated from their child or children because
their ex-partner had made it difficult for them to see their child or children.
At the start of the survey, participants were presented with further informa-
tion about the nature of the study and who was eligible to complete the
survey.
The online survey was conducted via LimeSurvey (Schmitz, 2015). It took
approximately 1 hour to complete. Responses to the last item on the survey
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