Náttúrufræðingurinn

Volume

Náttúrufræðingurinn - 2018, Page 26

Náttúrufræðingurinn - 2018, Page 26
Náttúrufræðingurinn 26 1. Andrew, N.L., Y. Agatsuma, E. Ballesteros, A.G. Bazhin, E.P. Creaser, D.K.A. et al. 2002. Status and management of world sea urchin fisheries. Oceanography and Marine Biology, An Annual Review 40. 343–425. 2. Yokota, Y. 2002. Fishery and consumption of the sea urchin in Japan. Bls. 129–139 í: The sea urchin: From basic biology to aquaculture (ritstj. Yokota, Y, Matranga, V. & Smolenicka, Z.). A.A. Balkema, Lisse. 3. Lawrence, J.M. 2007. Edible sea urchins: Use and life-history strategies. Bls. 1–9 í: Edible sea urchins: Biology and ecology (ritstj. Lawrence, J.M.). Elsevier Sci- ence B.V., Amsterdam. 4. Sartori, D., Pelegrin, S., Maccia, S. & Gaion, A. 2016. Can echinoculture be a feasible and effective activity? Analysis of fast reliable breeding conditions to promote gonadal growth and sexual maturation in Paracentrotus lividus. Aqu- aculture 451. 39–46. 5. Sun, J. & Chiang, F. 2015. Use and exploitation of sea urchins. Bls. 25–44 (2. kafli) í: Echinoderm Aquaculture (ritstj. Brown, N. & Eddy, S.). 1. útgáfa. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken. 6. Williams, H. 2002. Sea urchin fisheries of the world: A review of their status, management strategies and biology of the principal species. Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Hobar. 26 bls. 7. Kroh, A. & Mooi, R. 2018. World Echinoidea. Gagnabanki. http://www.mar- inespecies.org/echinoidea (skoðað 13. maí 2018). 8. Smith, A.B. & Kroh, A. (ritstj.) 2011. The Echinoid Directory. http://www.nhm. ac.uk/research-curation/projects/echinoid-directory (skoðað 13. mai 2018). 9. Ullrich-Lüter, E.M., Dupont, S., Arboleda, E., Hausen, H. & Arnone, M.I. 2011. Unique system of photoreceptors in sea urchin tube feet. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(20). 8367–8372. 10. Lesser, M.P., Carleton, K.L., Bottger, S.A., Barry, T.M. & Walker, C.W. 2011. Sea urchin tube feet are photosensory organs that express a rhabdomeric-like opsin and PAX6. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278(1723). 9. mynd. Skollakoppur á beit í þaraskógi í Eyjafirði. Þar sem beitin er áköfust breytist grósku- mikill þaraskógur í berangur. – Green sea urchin grazing at the outer edge of the kelp forest in Eyjafjörður. Ljósm./Photo: Karl Gunnarsson. LOKAORÐ Veiðar á skollakoppi eru stundaðar í Norðaustur-Kyrrahafi og norðanverðu Atlantshafi, meðal annars við Ísland. Hér er um þessar mundir nær ein- vörðungu veitt á litlu, þekktu veiðisvæði í sunnanverðum Breiðafirði, sem líklega ber ekki meiri veiði en nú þegar er stun- duð þar. Vegna takmarkaðs hreyfanleika, breytilegrar nýliðunar og blettóttrar dreifingar er skollakoppur viðkvæmur fyrir ofveiði. Víða í heiminum hafa ígulker verið ofveidd og margir stof- nar þeirra eru í hættu. Nýtingarmögu- leikar skollakopps hafa verið kannaðir á örfáum svæðum hér við land40,41,61 (Guðrún G. Þórarinsdóttir, óbirt gögn). Auknar rannsóknir á stofnstærð, nýliðun, vexti og stærð skollakopps við kynþroska ásamt upplýsingum um veiðihæfni ígulkeraplóga eru nauðsyn- legar forsendur fyrir skynsamlegri og sjálfbærri nýtingu skollakopps hér við land. Ennfremur er nauðsynlegt að efla vistfræðilegar rannsóknir á ígulkerum við Íslandsstrendur, sérstaklega í ljósi mikilvægis þeirra fyrir lífverusamfélög á grunnsævi. SUMMARY The green sea urchin (StrongylocentrotuS droebachienSeS) off the coast of Iceland; biology and harvesting Sea urchins have been harvested for human consumption for more than a millennium, but the fisheries have been badly managed in recent years and poorly documented, resulting in over- fishing in many areas. In response to increasing market demand and decreas- ing supply of sea urchin due to depletion of traditional resources, the exploita- tion of sea urchin has recently spread to the North-Atlantic, where green sea urchin is the main species caught. The fishery developed on the east coast of the U.S.A. and Canada during the 1990s and has expanded since then. In Iceland the dredge fishery for green sea urchin started in 1993 and reached a maximum in 1994. It stopped in 1997 and started again in 2004 with small catches in the beginning. Since 2007 landings have been 130–340 tonnes yearly. Like for many previously non-ex- ploited resources for which markets emerge suddenly, there is sparse in- formation on population structure or biology of green sea urchin in Icelan- dic waters. The size of the population, growth pattern, size at sexual maturity, recruitment and rate at which popula- tions are being exploited are all neces- sary information, needed for rational management of the stocks. ÞAKKIR HEIMILDIR Við þökkum Svanhildi Egilsdóttur fyrir myndatökur af ígulkerum og frágangi mynda. Starfsmönnum Þórishólma ehf. í Stykkishólmi þökkum við fyrir sam- starf og margháttaða aðstoð. Einnig þökkum við Ingibjörgu G. Jónsdóttur fyrir að lesa yfir handrit greinarinnar og koma með góðar ábendingar.

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