Vinnumarkaður - 15.12.2002, Qupperneq 203

Vinnumarkaður - 15.12.2002, Qupperneq 203
Greinargerð um aðferðir og hugtök 201 Brottfallsskekkjur. í öllum rannsóknum geta niðurstöður skekkst vegna þess að brottfall í úrtakinu dreifist misjafnt eftir hópum. Helstu ástæður brottfalls eru neitanir, hindranir vegna veikinda eða fötlunar, fjarvera frá heimili meðan á könnun stendur eða að ekki tekst að finna aðsetur eða símanúmer þeirra sem eru í úrtakinu. Yfirleitt reynist erfiðara að ná til karla en kvenna. Oftast er það vegna fjarveru frá heimili eða þess að þeir finnast ekki. Eifiðara er að hafa uppi á ungu fólki í síma en þeim sem eldri eru. Þá reynist fólk á höfuðborgarsvæðinu oftar fjarverandi en fólk annars staðar á landinu. Höfuðborgarbúar og eldra fólk eru líklegri en aðrir til að hafna þátttöku í rannsókninni. Hins vegar eru konur, fólk utan höfuðborgarsvæðis og fólk á miðjum aldri að jafnaði með hærra svarhlutfall en aðrir þátttakendur enda er að jafnaði auðveldara að ná til þessara hópa í síma en annarra. (Tafla 10.5). Til þess að minnka bjaga vegna þessa hafa niðurstöður verið vegnar eftir kyni og aldri. Af einstaka starfsstéttum eru það sjómenn og aðrir sem vinna fjarri heimili sínu sem eru hlutfallslega flestir í hópi þeirra sem annað hvort eru fjarverandi eða finnast ekki. Frá og með nóvember 1993 hefur verið reynt að leysa þetta mál með því að leggja spurningar fyrir maka eða foreldra þessara þátttakenda. Fjöldi slíkra svara er þó óverulegur eða innan við 1 % af öllum svörum. Annars konar brottfall er vegna svara við einstökum spurningum. Þótt einstaklingur sé tilbúinn að taka þátt í rannsókn getur verið að hann vilji ekki svara ákveðnum spurningum, annað hvort vegna þess að hann telur þær of nærgöngular eða hann man ekki eða veit ekki rétta svarið. Einnig getur slíkt brottfall stafað af því að spyrlum hefur láðst að leggja fram spuminguna eða gleymt að skrá svarið. I stað þess að láta slíkt brottfall afskiptalaust hefur í þessari skýrslu verið fyllt upp í öll ófullgerð svör með sérstökum aðferðum. Aðferðimar em aðallega tvenns konar. Annars vegar hefur líklegt svar verið leitt af svömm annarra líkra svarenda. Til dæmis hafa ónýt svör um vinnutíma verið reiknuð með tilliti til dreifingar vinnutíma eftir kyni, starfs-hlutfalli og starfsstétt. Einnig hefur líklegt svar verið leitt af öðrum svörum sama einstaklings í sömu könnun eða úr fyrri könnunum sem hann hefur tekið þátt í. Aðrar skekkjur. Öðmm skekkjum má í grófum dráttum skipta í þrjá flokka. Skráningarskekkjur, úrvinnsluskekkjur og sniðskekkjur. Skráningarskekkjur. Spyrlar geta skráð svör viðmælenda sinna ranglega, hlaupið yfir spurningar, ruglast í röð þeirra eða umorðað þær þannig að spurt er um annað en til stóð. Einkum bar á slíkum vandamálum þegar notuð vom prentuð spurningablöð. account the age distribution on 31 December of the year in question. The difference between these two methods is negligible, or less than 0.1%, and therefore seems to cause no bias. Non-response errors. In all surveys, results may represent errors because of non-response in the sample being unevenly distributed among groups. The main reasons for non- response are refusals, hindrances due to illness or disability, absence from home while the survey is proceeding, or a failure to find the residence or telephone number of those in the sample. In general, males are more difficult to reach than females, most frequently because of their being absent from home or their not being found. It is more difficult to contact young people by telephone than those who are older, and inhabitants of the capital city region are more often absent than people elsewhere in Iceland. Refusals to participate in the survey are more prevalent among inhabitants of the capital city region and older persons. In contrast, response rates are higher for women, people outside the capital city region and middle-aged persons, since these groups are usually easier to contact by telephone than others (Table 10.5). To counter bias because of this, the results have been weighted by sex and age. Among specific occupational groups, sailors and others working away from home are proportionally more often in the group of those who are either absent or can not be found. Since November 1993 there has been an effort to deal with this problem by asking questions of the spouse or parents of these participants. The number of such answers is nevertheless insignificant, or less than one percent of all responses. Another type of non-response involves answers to certain queries. Although an individual is ready to take part in the survey, he or she might not wish to answer certain questions, either because they touch that individual too closely or because the individual does not remember or does not know the right answer. In addition, such non-response can stem from the interviewer neglecting to present the question or forgetting to record the answer. Instead of ignoring such non-response, special methods have been applied in this report to fill in all the incomplete answers. Above all, two methods have been used. Firstly, a probable answer has been deduced from the answers of other similar respondents. Unusable answers on working hours, for example, have been replaced by imputing in regard to the distribution of working hours by sex, the percentage of a full position, and the occupational group. Secondly, a probable response has been deduced from other responses by the same individual, either in the same survey or former surveys in which he or she participated. Other errors. Other errors can generally be classified into three categories: interviewer errors, processing errors and design errors. Interviewer errors. Interviewers can record the answers of their respondents wrongly, omit questions, confuse the order of questions, or rephrase them so as to ask about something other than was intended. These problems were most pronounced when printed question sheets were in use.
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