Tímarit lögfræðinga - 01.10.1989, Side 10

criminal policy. Reforms proposed by this organization included: the
introduction of different kinds of conditional measures such as proba-
tion, conditional suspension both of trial, indictment, conviction and
sentence, as well as suspended execution of punishment and conditional
release from prison. Other demands for reform were the abolition of
short-term imprisonment, the introduction of long-term incarceration
of professional and habitual criminals, the use of indeterminate sen-
tences, and the improvement of after-care for released prisoners. Sug-
gestions for reform included further the creation of a separate set of
substantial and procedural criminal law and of special courts for
juvenile delinquents. More recent proposals recommended alternatives
to any form of deprivation of liberty, such as fines, community service
and restitution of damages to the victim as a specific measure replacing
any other criminal sanction against the offender.
b) Tlie International Society of Social Defence. — Another fervent
promotor of criminal law reform in Europe in a liberal, humanitarian
and undogmatic sense, is the Social Defence movement. Having arisen
as a reaction to the spiritual and material devastations caused by the
Second World War, the Social Defence movement thought to combine
humane and effective elements of the criminal law with the strictest
observation of the rule of law in criminal procedure. The International
Society of Social Defence, founded in 1949, was first led by the Italian
lawyer and philanthropist Filippo Gramatica. He wished to replace
criminal law as a whole by a system of medical, educational and
eliminative measures within a society which should be completely
free from any kind of oppression by criminal law and punishment.
The moderate and reality-oriented approach of the French Marc Ancel,
a former President of the Chamber of the Cour de Cassation and member
of the French Academy, has taken a more practical and less ideological
view. The Society of Social Defence is now presided with greatest
dignity by Mrs. Simone Rozés, first President of the Cour de Cassation
de France. It has had a considerable impact on the legislation of various
European countries. In Sweden the late Professor Ivar Strahl, in France
Professors Jacques Léauté, Mireille Delmas-Marty and Raymond Gassin
have greatly supported that development in their respective countries.
c) The International Society of Criminology. — It was founded in
1938 by the great Italian criminologist B. di Tullio. Actually under the
chairmanship of Professor Canepa of Geneva it has most actively
contributed to the founding of modern criminal law policy. It has
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