Náttúrufræðingurinn - 2005, Side 31

Tímarit Hins íslenska náttúrufræðifélags
stað á milli bakteríutegunda.
Uppruni heilkjarnafrumna er
ráðgáta. Bæði er óvissa um uppruna
kjamans og það hvemig samband
tókst á milli hans eða forvera hans og
alfa-próteóbakteríu sem síðar varð að
hvatbera. Víst er hins vegar að þetta
frumuskipulag sló í gegn og nýttist
síðar til þróunar fjölfmmunga, m.a.
þeirra sem nú íhuga upphaf þess.
Bakteríuskipulagið hefur ekki síður
dugað vel. Þar sem er líf á jörðirtni
þar em bakteríur og stundum engar
aðrar lífvemr en þær.
Heimildir
1. Zuckerkandl, E. & Pauling, L. 1965. Molecules as documents of
evolutionary history. Journal of Theoretical Biology 8. 357-366.
2. Stanier, R.Y., Doudoroff, M. & Adelberg, E.A. 1957. The Microbial
World, 2. útg. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 682 bls.
3. Woese, C.R. & Fox, G.E. 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic
domain: the primary kingdoms. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences USA 74. 5088-5090.
4. Woese, C.R., Kandler, O. & Wheelis, M.L. 1990. Towards a natural
system of organisms: Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria and
Eucarya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 87.
4576-4579.
5. De Long, E.F. 1998. Everything in moderation: Archaea as "non
extremophiles". Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 8.
649-654.
6. Mayr, E. 1998. Two empires or three? Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences USA 95. 9720-9723.
7. Woese, C. 1998. Default taxonomy: Emst Mayr's view of the microbial
world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95.
11043-11046.
8. Bell, S.D & Jackson, S.P. 2001. Mechanism and regulation of transcrip-
tion in archaea. Current Opinion in Microbiology 4. 208-213.
9. Soppa, J. 1999. Transcription initiation in Archaea: facts, factors and
future aspects. Molecular Microbiology 31. 1295-1305.
10. Woese, C. 2002. On the evolution of cells. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences USA 99. 8742-8747.
11. Dennis, P.P. 1997. Ancient ciphers: translation in Archaea. Cell 89.
1007-1010.
12. Edgell, D.R. & Doolittle, W.F. 1997. Archaea and the origin(s) of DNA
replication proteins. Cell 89. 995-998.
13. Iwabe, N., Kuma, K.-I., Hasegawa, M., Osawa, S. & Miyata, T. 1989.
Evolutionary relationship of archaebacteria, eubacteria, and eukaryotes
inferred from phylogenetic trees of duplicated genes. Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences USA 86. 9355-9359.
14. Doolittle, R.F. & Brown, J.R. 1994. Tempo, mode, the progenote, and the
universal root. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
91. 6721-6728.
15. Forterre, P. & Philippe, H. 1999. Where is the root of the universal tree
of life? BioEssays 21. 871-879.
16. Penny, D. & Poole, A. 1999. The nature of the last universal common
ancestor. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 9. 672-677.
17. Mushegian, A.R. & Koonin, E.V. 1996. A minimal gene set for cellular
life derived by comparison of complete bacterial genomes. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93.10268-10273.
18. Guðmundur Eggertsson 2004. Mótun lífs. RNA-tímabilið í sögu lífsins.
Náttúrufræðingurinn 72. 39-46.
19. Woese, C. 1998. The universal ancestor. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences USA 95. 6854-6859.
20. Achenbacher-Richter, L., Gupta, R., Stetter, K.O. & Woese, C.R. 1987.
Were the original eubacteria thermophiles? Systematic and Applied
Microbiology 9. 34-39.
21. Wáchtersháuser, G. 1998. The case for a hyperthermophilic, chemo-
lithoautotropic origin of life in an iron-sulfur world. Bls. 47-57 í: J.
Wiegel & Adams, M.W.W. (ritstj.). Thermophiles: the keys to molecu-
lar evolution and the origin of life? Taylor and Francis, London. 346 bls.
22. Guðmundur Eggertsson 2003. Uppruni lífs. Fyrstu skrefin. Náttúru-
fræðingurinn 71. 145-152.
23. Levy, M. & Miller, S.L. 1998. The stability of RNA bases: Implications
for the origin of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
USA 95. 7933-7938.
24. Miller, S.L. & Lazcano, A. 1995. The origin of life - did it occur at high
temperatures? Journal of Molecular Evolution 41. 689-697.
25. Forterre, P. 1995. Thermoreduction, a hypothesis for the origin of
prokaryotes. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris. Life
Sciences 318. 415-422.
26. Lake, J.A. 1999. Mix and match in the tree of life. Science 283.
2027-2028.
27. Rivera, M.C., Jain, R., Moore, J.E. & Lake, J.A. 1998. Genomic evidence
for two functionally different gene classes. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences USA 95. 6239-6244.
28. Lawrence, J.G. 1999. Gene transfer, speciation, and the evolution of bac-
terial genomes. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2. 519-523.
29. Lawrence, J.G. & Ochman, H. 1998. Molecular archaeology of the
Escherichia coli genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences USA 95. 9413-9417.
30. Brochier, C., Bapteste, E., Moreira, D. «& Philippe, H. 2002. Eubacterial
phylogeny based on translational apparatus proteins. Trends in
Genetics 18. 1-5.
31. Gray, M.W., Burger, G. & Lang, B.F. 1999. Mitochondrial evolution.
Science 283.1476-1481.
32. Margulis, L. 1981. Symbiosis in Cell Evolution. W.H. Freeman and
Company, San Francisco. 419 bls.
33. Brocks, J.J., Logan, G.A., Buick, R. & Summons, R.E. 1999. Archean mol-
ecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes. Science 285.1033-1036.
34. Knoll, A.J. 2003. Life on a young planet. Princeton University Press,
Princeton. 277 bls.
35. Anderson, S.G.E. & Kurland, C.G. 1999. Origins of mitochondria and
hydrogenosomes. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2. 535-541.
PÓSTFANG HÖFUNDAR/AUTHOR’S ADDRESS
Guðmundur Eggertsson
Líffræðistofnun háskólans
Sturlugata 7,
IS-101 Reykjavík
gudmegg@hi.is
Um höfundinn
Guðmundur Eggertsson (f. 1933) lauk magistersprófi í
erfðafræði frá Kaupmannahafnarháskóla 1958 og
doktorsprófi í örveruerfðafræði frá Yale-háskóla í
Bandaríkjunum 1965. Hann var prófessor í líffræði við
Háskóla íslands frá 1969-2003. Guðmundur vinnur að
rannsóknum á hitakærum örverum.
101