Ljósmæðrablaðið - 15.05.2004, Page 19
historical perspective. Practising Midwife,
3 (11), 21-24.
Connolly, A.M. og Thorp, J. (1999). Chilbirth-
related perineal trauma : Clinical signifi-
cance and prevention. Clinical Obtstetrics
and Gynecology, 42 (4), 820-835.
Cunningham, F.G., Gant, N.F., Leveno, K.J.,
Gilstrap III, L.C., Hauth, J.C. og Wenstrom,
•D. (1997). Williams Obstetrics (21 útg.).
New York: McCraw- Hill.
Unn’ h1- hl ■ (1991). Francois Mauriceau
(1637-1709) and matemal posture for
Parturition. Arcliives of Disease in Cliild-
78°^ eta1 and neona,al edition), 66 (1),
lcmming, V. (1998). Women-with- mid-
wives-with-women: a model of interdepen-
dence. Midwifery, 14, 137-143.
a,S^'n’ (1980). Spiritual Midwifery
~ litg.). Summertown: The Farm Book
ublishing Company.
uPb. J.K., Brayshaw, E.M. og Lilford, R.J.
(1989). An experiment of squatting birth.
aiopean Journal of Obstetrics & Gyne-
‘ology ancJ Pgpro(Jucijve BjolQgy 30 217-
GuPta, J. K. og Nikodem, V. C. (2000a). Ma-
ternal posture in labour. European Journal
°J Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproduc-
G Uve Bi°logy, 92, 273-277.
uPta. J.K. og Nikodem, V. C. (2000b). Wom-
fnI s P°sition during the second stage of
a our, (Cochrane Review). Sjá í Cochrane
Ca ' ,a,9’’ 3 (2000). Oxford: update software.
erg. B., Magnusson, B., Sultan, B.,
ennerholm, U-B., Wennergren, M. og
. a8herg, H. (1994). Birth in standing posi-
'°n. a high frequency of third degree tears.
c,a Obstetrica et Gvnecologica Scandi-
navica, 73, 630-633.
’ ^arris, T.A. og Ostergard,
q, '(1996). Protecting the pelvic floor:
stetric management to prevent incon-
nence ancl pelvic organ prolapse. Obste-
H ' Ws & Gynecology, 88 (3), 470-478.
'nson, L. (1998). Second stage positioning
nurse-midwifery practices. Journal of
U'se-Midwifery, 43 (5), 320-325.
nty, D. (1998) Brought to bed: a critical
°°k at birthing positions. RCM Midwives
Kl’°urnal.lm 310-313.
e,n’ M., Gautier, R.J., Robbins, J.M.,
aczarowski, J., Jorgensen, S.H., Franco,
E.D., Johnson, B„ Waghom, K.,Gelfand,
M.M., Guralnick, M.S., Luskey, G.W. og
Joshi, A.K. (1994). Relationship of episio-
tomy to perineal trauma and morbidity, se-
xual dysfunction, and pelvic floor relaxa-
tion. American Journal of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, 171, 591-598.
Labrecque, M„ Baillargeon, L„ Dallaire, M„
Tremblay, A„ Pinault, J-J. og Gingras, S.
(1997) Association between median episio-
tomy and severe perineal lacerations in
primiparous women. Canadian Medical
Association Journal, 156 (6), 797-802.
Llewellyn-Jones, D. (1986). Fundamentals of
Obstetrics and Gynecology. Volume 1:
Obstetrics, (4.útg.). London: faber and
faber.
Lewis, L. (1994). Are you sitting comfortably?
Midwives Chronicle & Nursing Notes. 6,
226-227.
Lydon-Rochelle, M.T., Albers, L. og Teaf, D.
(1995). Perineal outcomes and nurse-mid-
wifery management. Journal of Nwse
-Midwifery,40, (1), 13-18.
McCandlish, R. (1997). Care through the se-
cond stage of labour. f Alexander, J„ Levy,
V. & Roth, C. (Ritstjórar). Midvifeiy Prac-
tice core topics 2 (bls 98-112). London:
MacMillan.
McCandlish, R„ Bowler, U„ van Asten, H„
Berridge, G„ Winter, C„ Sames, L„ Garcia,
J„ Renfrew, M. og Elboume, D. (1998). A
randomised controlled trial of care of the
perineum during second stage of normal
labour. British Journal of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, 105, 1262-1272.
Pirhonen, J.P., Grenman, S.E.. Haadem, K„
Gudmundsson, S„ Linqvist, P„ Siihola, S„
Erkkola, R.U. og Marsal, K. (1998). Fre-
quency of anal sphincter rupture at delivery
in Sweden and Finland- result of difference
in manual help to baby's head. Acta
Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica,
77, 974-977.
Renfrew, M. J„ Hannah, W„ Albers, L. og
Fioyd, E. (1998). Practice that minimize
trauma to the genital tract in childbirth: A
systematic review of the literature. Birtli 25,
(3), 143-160.
Rockner, G. og Fianu-Jonasson, A. (1999).
Changed pattem in the use of episiotomy in
Sweden. British Journal of Obstetrics &
Gynecology, 106 (2), 95-101.
Frá Ljósmæðrafélaginu
Athugið að umsóknarfrestur um styrki úr minningasjóði,
rannsóknasjóði og vísindasjóði rennur út l.júní næstkomandi.
Sampselle, C.M. og Hines, S.( 1999). Spon-
tanous pushing during birth. Relationship to
perineal outcomes. Journal of Nurse-Mid-
wifery, 44 (I), 36-39.
Samuelsson, E„ Ladfors, L„ Gáreberg-Lind-
holm, B„ Hagberg, H. (2002). Aprospective
observational study on tears during vaginal
delivery: occurence and risk factors. Acta
Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica,
57,44-49.
Sedler, K. (1996). Perineal management and
reduction of perineal trauma at birth. Sjá í,
Tlie art and science ofmidwifery gives birth
to a better furture. Proceedings ofthe Inter-
national Confederation of Midwives 24'h
Triennal Congress, 26-31 May 1996, Oslo.
London: Intemational Confederation of
Midwifes, 412-414.
Shermer, R. H„ Raines, D.A. (1997). Positions
during the second stage of labor. Moving
back to basics. JOGNN. 26 (6), 272-234.
Signorello, L.B., Harlow, B.L., Chekos, A.K.
og Repke, J.T. (2000). Midline episiotomy
and anal incontinence: retrospective Cohort
study. British Medical Journal, 320, 86-90.
Sleep, J. (1991). Perineal care: a series of
five randomised controlled trials. I Robin-
son S„ Thomson , A.M. (Ritstjórar). Mid-
wives research and childbirth, Vol II, bls.
199-253. London: Chapman Hall.
Sleep, J. (1991). Perineal care: A series offive
randomised controlled trials. Robinsson, S„
Thomson, A. N. (ritstjórar). Midwives re-
search and childbirth, Vol. II, 199-253.
London: Capman Hall.
Stamp, G„ Kmzins, G. og Crowther, C.
(2001). Perineal massage in labour and pre-
vention of perineal trauma: Randomised
controlled trial. British Medical Journal,
322, 1277-1280.
Sultan, A.H., Kamm, M.A., Hudson, C.N.,
Thomas, J.M. og Bartram, C.I. (1993). Anal
sphincter disraption during vaginal deli-
very. New English Journal ofMedicin, 329,
1905-1911.
Wright, A. (1994). Free speech: Perineal pain
after childbirth: Midwives Chronicle, 107
(1272), 22-23.
Yeates, D.A. og Roberts, J.E. (1984). A com-
parison of two bearing-down techniques
during the second stage of labor. Journal of
Nurse-Midwifery, 29 (1), 3-11.
Nálastungunálar
Nálastungur Islands ehf.
Suðurlandsbraut 34
108 Reykjavík
5 200 120 og 5 200 130
www.simnet.is/nalastungur
Líósmæðrablaðið maí 2004 19