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Læknablaðið - 01.03.2018, Blaðsíða 15

Læknablaðið - 01.03.2018, Blaðsíða 15
LÆKNAblaðið 2018/104 131 R A N N S Ó K N Heimildir 1. Richardson M, Elliman D, Maguire H, Simpson J, Nicoll A. Evidence base of incubation periods, periods of infect- iousness and exclusion policies for the control of comm- unicable diseases in schools and preschools. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20: 380-91. 2. Briem H, Weiland O, Fridriksson I, Berg R. Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis A in Iceland in relation to age, sex, and number of notified cases of hepatitis. Am J Epidemiol 1982; 116: 451-5. 3. Jónsdóttir O, Einarsson ET, Guðmundsson S, Briem H. Smitandi lifrarbólgur A og B greindar á rannsóknadeild Borgarspítalans 1986-1989 og tengsl þeirra við fíkni- efnaneyslu. Læknablaðið 1991; 77: 127-30. 4. Högnadóttir HD, Löve A. Greining lifrarbólguveiru A. Læknablaðið 1993; 79: 223-6. 5. Briem H. Declining prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus infection in Iceland. Scand J Infect Dis 1991; 23: 135-8. 6. Hagstofa Íslands. 2017; px.hagstofa.is/pxis/pxweb/is/ Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__1_yfirlit__Yfirlit_mannfjolda/ MAN00101.px/ - nóvember 2017. 7. Annual Epidemiological Report 2016 – Hepatitis A. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stokkhólmi 2016. 8. Carrillo-Santisteve P, Tavoschi L, Severi E, Bonfigli S, Edelstein M, Byström E, et al. Seroprevalence and susceptibility to hepatitis A in the European Union and European Economic Area: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17: E306-E319. 9. Gossner CM, Severi E. Three simultaneous, food-borne, multi-country outbreaks of hepatitis A virus infection reported in EPIS-FWD in 2013: what does it mean for the European Union? Eurosurveillance 2014; 19: 29-33. 10. Freidl GS, Sonder GJ, Bovee LP, Friesema IH, van Rijckevorsel GG, Ruijs WL, et al. Hepatitis A outbreak among men who have sex with men (MSM) predominant- ly linked with the EuroPride, the Netherlands, July 2016 to February 2017. Eurosurveillance 2017; 22: 2-6. 11. Beebeejaun K, Degala S, Balogun K, Simms I, Woodhall SC, Heinsbroek E, et al. Outbreak of hepatitis A associated with men who have sex with men (MSM), England, July 2016 to January 2017. Eurosurveillance 2017; 22: 7-12. 12. Tortajada C, de Olalla PG, Pinto RM, Bosch A, Cayla J. Outbreak of hepatitis A among men who have sex with men in Barcelona, Spain, September 2008-March 2009. Eurosurveillance 2009; 14: 3-5. 13. Sfetcu O, Irvine N, Ngui SL, Emerson C, McCaughey C, Donaghy P. Hepatitis A outbreak predominantly affecting men who have sex with men in Northern Ireland, October 2008 to July 2009. Eurosurveillance 2011; 16: 11-16. 14. Tilkynningaskyldir sjúkdómar haustið 2017. Farsóttafréttir 2018; 11: 1-3. landlaeknir.is/servlet/file/store93/item34086/ Farsottafrettir_januar_2018.pdf. - nóvember 2017. 15. Tapper EB, Saini SD, Sengupta N. Extensive testing or focused testing of patients with elevated liver enzymes. J Hepatol 2017; 66: 313-9. 16. Alatoom A, Ansari MQ, Cuthbert J. Multiple Factors Contribute to Positive Results for Hepatitis A Virus Immunoglobulin M Antibody. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013; 137: 90-5. 17. Kao HW, Ashcavai M, Redeker AG. The persistence of hepatitis A IgM antibody after acute clinical hepatitis A. Hepatology 1984; 4: 933-6. 18. Sagliocca L, Amoroso P, Stroffolini T, Adamo B, Tosti ME, Lettieri G, et al. Efficacy of hepatitis A vaccine in prevention of secondary hepatitis A infection: a randomis- ed trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 1136-9. 19. Victor JC, Monto AS, Surdina TY, Suleimenova SZ, Vaughan G, Nainan OV, et al. Hepatitis A vaccine versus immune globulin for postexposure prophylaxis. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1685-94. 20. (CDC) ACoIPACfDCaP. Update: Prevention of hepatitis A after exposure to hepatitis A virus and in international travelers. Updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007; 56: 1080-4. 21. Mutsch M, Spicher VM, Gut C, Steffen R. Hepatitis A virus infections in travelers, 1988-2004. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 490-7. ENGLISH SUMMARY Introduction: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) epidemics occurred repeatedly in Iceland in the early 20th century, but since then few cases have been reported and no epidemics since 1952. The latest Icelandic studies on HAV from around 1990 showed low incidence of infection and de - creasing prevalence of antibodies. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence, clinical presentation and origin of HAV, abroad or in Iceland. Material and methods: A retrospective search was undertaken on all patients with positive anti-HAV IgM during the 11 years period of 2006- 2016 in the virological database of the National University Hospital of Iceland. Clinical data was collected from medical records on symptoms at diagnosis, blood test results and possible route of transmission. Results: A total of 12 individuals were diagnosed with acute hepatitis A during the period and 6691 HAV total andibody tests and 1984 HAV IgM antibody tests were performed. Nine (75%) had been abroad within 7 weeks from initial symptoms. The most common symptoms were jaundice (83%), fever (67%) and nausea and/or vomiting (58%). 50% were admitted to a hospital. 42% had elevated INR/PT. Everyone sur- vived without complications. Conclusion: Annually, approximately one case of acute hepatitis A was diagnosed in Iceland during the study period but a very high number of antibody tests were performed. The majority of cases occurred among individuals who had recently been abroad. If patients have jaundice, fever and nausea, testing for HAV infection should be undertaken. HAV is not endemic in Iceland. Hepatitis A in Iceland Hallfríður Kristinsdóttir1, Arthúr Löve1,2, Einar Stefán Björnsson1,3 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 2Department of Virology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, 3Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland. Key words: hepatitis A, liver tests, viral hepatitis, epidemiology, prognosis, Iceland. Correspondence: Einar Björnsson, einarsb@landspitali.is

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