Læknablaðið - 15.09.2009, Qupperneq 41

F
RÆÐIGREINAR
Y F I R L I T
30. Villar LM, Garcia-Barragan N, Sadaba MC, et al. Accuracy
of CSF and MRI criteria for dissemination in space in the
diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2008; 2: 34-7.
31. Confavreux C, Hutchinson M, Hours MM, Cortinovis-
Tourniaire P, Moreau T. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in
multiple sclerosis. Pregnancy in Multiple Sclerosis Group. N
Engl J Med 1998; 339: 285-91.
32. Rolak LA, Fleming JO. The differential diagnosis of multiple
sclerosis. Neurologist 2007; 13: 57-72.
33. Boster A, Caon C, Perumal J, et al. Failure to develop
multiple sclerosis in patients with neurologic symptoms
without objective evidence. Mult Scler 2008; 14: 804-8.
34. Offenbacher H, Fazekas F, Schmidt R, et al. Assessment of
MRI criteria for a diagnosis of MS. Neurology 1993; 43: 905-
9.
35. Lindsay KW, Bone I. Neurology and neurosurgery
illustrated: Churchill livingsteone; 2004.
36. Bitsch A, Kuhlmann T, Stadelmann C, Lassmann H,
Lucchinetti C, Bruck W. A longitudinal MRI study of
histopathologically defined hypointense multiple sclerosis
lesions. Ann Neurol 2001; 49: 793-6.
37. Siva A. The spectrum of multiple sclerosis and treatment
decisions. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2006; 108: 333-8.
38. Lebrun C, Bensa C, Debouverie M, et al. Unexpected
multiple sclerosis: follow-up of 30 patients with magnetic
resonance imaging and clinical conversion profile. J Neurol
Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79:195-8.
39. Andersson M, Alvarez-Cermeno J, Bemardi G, et al.
Cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a
consensus report. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57:
897-902.
40. Masjuan J, Alvarez-Cermeno JC, Garcia-Barragan N, et al.
Clinically isolated syndromes: a new oligoclonal band test
accurately predicts conversion to MS. Neurology 2006; 66:
576-8.
41. Wolinsky JS. The PROMiSe trial: baseline data review
and progress report. Mult Scler 2004; 10 Suppl 1:S65-71;
discussion S71-2.
42. Confavreux C, Vukusic S. Natural history of multiple
sclerosis: implications for counselling and therapy. Curr
Opin Neurol 2002; 15: 257-66.
43. Wolinsky JS. The diagnosis of primary progressive multiple
sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2003; 206:145-52.
44. Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L, et al. New diagnostic
criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research
protocols. Ann Neurol 1983; 13: 227-31.
45. Pittock SJ, Mayr WT, McClelland RL, et al. Change in MS-
related disability in a population-based cohort: a 10-year
follow-up study. Neurology 2004; 62: 51-9.
46. Ropper AH, Brown RH. Multiple Sclerosis and Allied
Demyelinative Diseases. In: Victor M, Ropper A, editors.
Adams & Victors' Principles of Neurology, 8th Edition:
McGraw-Hill; 2005.
47. www.nice.org.uk.
48. Sellebjerg F, Bames D, Filippini G, et al. EFNS guideline on
treatment of multiple sclerosis relapses: report of an EFNS
task force on treatment of multiple sclerosis relapses. Eur J
Neurol 2005; 12: 939-46.
49. Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, et al. Intramuscular
interferon beta-la for disease progression in relapsing
multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative
Research Group (MSCRG). Ann Neurol 1996; 39: 285-94.
50. Placebo-controlled multicentre randomised trial of interferon
beta-lb in treatment of secondary progressive multiple
sclerosis. European Study Group on interferon beta-lb in
secondary progressive MS. Lancet 1998; 352:1491-7.
51. Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH, et al. Intramuscular interferon
beta-la therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event
in multiple sclerosis. CHAMPS Study Group. N Engl J Med
2000; 343: 898-904.
52. Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, et al. Copolymer 1 reduces
relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting
multiple sclerosis: results of a phase III multicenter, double-
blind placebo-controlled trial. The Copolymer 1 Multiple
Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 1995; 45:1268-76.
53. Efficacy and toxicity of cyclosporine in chronic progressive
multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-
controlled clinical trial. The Multiple Sclerosis Study Group.
Ann Neurol 1990; 27: 591-605.
54. Goodkin DE, Rudick RA, VanderBrug Medendorp S, et al.
Low-dose (7.5 mg) oral methotrexate reduces the rate of
progression in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann
Neurol 1995; 37: 30-40.
55. Casetta I, Iuliano G, Filippini G. Azathioprine for multiple
sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007: CD003982.
56. Le Page E, Leray E, Taurin G, et al. Mitoxantrone as
induction treatment in aggressive relapsing remitting
multiple sclerosis: treatment response factors in a 5 year
follow-up observational study of 100 consecutive patients. J
Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 52-6.
57. Goodin DS, Cohen BA, O'Connor P, Kappos L, Stevens
JC. Assessment: the use of natalizumab (Tysabri) for the
treatment of multiple sclerosis (an evidence-based review):
report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment
Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
Neurology 2008; 71: 766-73.
58. Stankoff B, Waubant E, Confavreux C, et al. Modafinil for
fatigue in MS: a randomized placebo-controlled double-
blind study. Neurology 2005; 64:1139-43.
59. Sheean G. Botulinum toxin treatment of adult spasticity: a
benefit-risk assessment. Drug Saf 2006; 29: 31-48.
60. DasGupta R, Fowler CJ. Sexual and urological dysfunction
in multiple sclerosis: better understanding and improved
therapies. Curr Opin Neurol 2002; 15: 271-8.
61. O'Connor AB, Schwid SR, Herrmann DN, Markman JD,
Dworkin RH. Pain associated with multiple sclerosis:
systematic review and proposed classification. Pain 2008;
137: 96-111.
Multiple sclerosis
- Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment
Abstract Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease
of the central nervous system and a common cause
of disability among young people. MS is thought to be
an autoimmune disease involving both inheritance and
environmental factors. The disease is characterized by
relapses and the symptoms and course are highly variable.
The diagnosis is primarily clinical and supported by results
of diagnostic studies. The importance of timely diagnosis
has increased with the availability of effective treatment.
The purpose of this article is to review symptoms, signs,
diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis.
>-
cc
<
5
5
3
co
I
w
Eliasdottir OJ, Olafsson E, Kjartansson O. O
Multiple sclerosis - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Icel Med J 2009; 95: 583-589. Z
Keywords: Multiple sclerosis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment.
Correspondence: ÓlöfJóna ElíasdóWr, olajona<Slandspitali.is
Barst: 2. desember 2008,/13. janúar - samþykkt til birtingar: 12. júní 2009
LÆKNAblaðið 2009/95 589