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Læknablaðið - 15.02.2008, Qupperneq 22

Læknablaðið - 15.02.2008, Qupperneq 22
FRÆÐIGREINAR SYKURSÝKI 2 Kerfisbundin leitheilbrigðisstarfsfólks að frum- stigum fótameins virðist skynsamleg í þeim til- gangi að koma í veg fyrir fótasár og aflimanir með tilheyrandi þjáningum og kostnaði. Skynsamlegt virðist einnig að ráðleggja fólki um fótahirðu og fótabúnað því áverkar og aflagaðir fætur virðast sterkir framkallandi þættir (31). Frumforvarnir eru þó umdeildar (18) en flestir eru sammála um að beina eigi athygli sérstaklega að þeim sem þegar hafa sögu um seinni stig fótameins eins og sár, eða eru taldir í sérstaklega mikilli áhættu. Það er ekki augljóst hvaða aðferðir ætti að nota til að finna þá sem eru í sérstakri áhættu á að fá seinni stig fótameins en hluti af kerfisbundinni nálgun heil- brigðisstarfsfólks ætti að vera leit að teiknum um fótamein hjá öllum sykursjúkum og sykursjúkir eiga rétt á því að svo sé. Til greiningar eða með- ferðar er ekki skynsamlegt að reiða sig á einkenni eingöngu og aðferðirnar við að finna teiknin mega heldur ekki vera flóknar eða tímafrekar. Erlendar klínískar leiðbeiningar um þetta eru hvorki ný- legar né samhljóða, sumar benda á lOg plastprjón (17) en aðrar taka ekki afstöðu til þess hvaða tækni sé best (32). Líklega er skynsamlegast að nota fleiri en eina aðferð og vega saman teiknin í mælikvarða eins og taugateiknavog sem krefst ekki flókins tækjabúnaðar, en ef velja á aðeins eina aðferð er valmöguleiki að meta titringsskyn eingöngu með sérstöku tæki eins og Biothesiometer (19). Heimildir 1. Bergsveinsson ], Aspelund T, Guðnason V, Benediktsson R. Algengi sykursýki af tegund tvö á íslandi 1967-2002. Læknablaðið 2007; 93: 397-402. 2. Hogan P, Dall T, Nikolov P. Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2002. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 917-32. 3. Benediktsson R, Heimisdóttir F, Reynisdóttir I, Sigurðsson G, Guðnason V. Screening for Diabetes Combining Geneological Information and Fasting Glucose Identities Individuals at Adverse Cardiovascular Risk. Diabetologia 2002; 45: A94. 4. Vilbergsson S, Sigurðsson G, Sigvaldason H, Sigfússon N. Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Amongst Non-Insulin- Dependent Diabetic Subjects in Iceland: the Independent Effect of Diabetes. The Reykjavík Study 17-Year Follow Up. J Intem Med 1998; 244: 309-16. 5. Zoega GM, Gunnarsdóttir P, Bjömsdóttir S, Hreiðarsson ÁB, Viggósson G, Stefansson E. Screening Compliance and Visual Outcome in Diabetes. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2005; 83: 687-90. 6. Tryggvason G, Indriðason ÓS, Þórsson ÁV, Hreiðarsson AB, Pálsson R. Unchanged Incidence of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes: a Nation-Wide Study in Iceland. Diabet Med 2005; 22:182-7. 7. Hreiðarsson ÁB, Ásbjömsdóttir NB, Einarsson GV, Jensdóttir SY, Jóhannesson A. Prevalence of erectile dysfunction in an outpatient population of men with diabetes - relationship to glycemic control. Int J Impot Res 2003; 15[Suppl. 6]. 8. Ölafsson G, Danielsen R, Hreiðarsson ÁB. Breytingar í starfsemi ósjálfráða taugakerfisins hjá karlmönnum með insúlínháða sykursýki. Læknablaðið 1995; 81: 650-8. 9. Boulton AJ, Kirsner RS, Vileikyte L. Clinical Practice. Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcers. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 48-55. 10. Rathur HM, Boulton AJ. The Neuropathic Diabetic Foot. Nat lClin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3:14-25. 11. Tapp RJ, Shaw JE, de Court, Dunstan DW, Welbom TA, Zimmet PZ. Foot Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: an Australian Population-Based Study. Diabet Med 2003; 20: 105-13. 12. Young MJ, Boulton AJ, MacLeod AF, Williams DR, Sonksen PH. A Multicentre Study of the Prevalence of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in the United Kingdom Hospital Clinic Population. Diabetologia 1993; 36:150-4. 13. Gregg EW, Gu Q, Williams D, et al. Prevalence of lower extremity diseases associated with normal glucose levels, impaired fasting glucose, and diabetes among U.S. adults aged 40 or older. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 77: 485-8. 14. Walters DP, Gatling W, Mullee MA, Hill RD. The Prevalence, Detection, and Epidemiological Correlates of Peripheral Vascular Disease: a Comparison of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Subjects in an English Community. Diabet Med 1992; 9: 710-5. 15. Reynisdóttir I, Þorleifsson G, Benediktsson R, et al. Localization of a Susceptibility Gene for Type 2 Diabetes to Chromosome 5q34-Q35.2. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73: 323- 35. 16. Paisley AN, Abbott CA, van Schie CH, Boulton AJ. A Comparison of the Neuropen Against Standard Quantitative Sensory-Threshold Measures for Assessing Peripheral Nerve Function. Diabet Med 2002; 19: 400-5. 17. Management of Type 2 Diabetes. New Zealand Guidelines Group 2003. www.nzgg.org.nz/guidelines/dsp_guideline_ popup.cfm?guidelineCatID=30&guidelineID=36. Skoðað 16. desember 2007. 18. Jeffcoate WJ, Harding KG. Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Lancet 2003; 361:1545-51. 19. Miranda-Palma B, Sosenko JM, Bowker JH, Mizel MS, Boulton AJ. A Comparison of the Monofilament With Other Testing Modalities for Foot Ulcer Susceptibility. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 70: 8-12. 20. Franse LV, Valk GD, Dekker JH, Heine RJ, van Eijk JT. ,Numbness of the Feet' Is a Poor Indicator for Polyneuropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Diabet Med 2000; 17:105-10. 21. Partanen J, Niskanen L, Lehtinen J, Mervaala E, Siitonen O, Uusitupa M. Natural History of Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients With Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 89-94. 22. Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, et al. The North- West Diabetes Foot Care Study: Incidence of, and Risk Factors for, New Diabetic Foot Ulceration in a Community- Based Patient Cohort. Diabet Med 2002; 19: 377-84. 23. Murray HJ, Young MJ, Hollis S, Boulton AJ. The Association Between Callus Formation, High Pressures and Neuropathy in Diabetic Foot Ulceration. Diabet Med 1996; 13: 979-82. 24. Rith-Najarian SJ, Stolusky T, Gohdes DM. Identifying Diabetic Patients at High Risk for Lower-Extremity Amputation in a Primary Health Care Setting. A Prospective Evaluation of Simple Screening Criteria. Diabetes Care 1992; 15:1386-9. 25. Young MJ, Breddy JL, Veves A, Boulton AJ. The Prediction of Diabetic Neuropathic Foot Ulceration Using Vibration Perception Thresholds. A Prospective Study. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 557-60. 26. Apelqvist J, Larsson J, Agardh CD. The Importance of Peripheral Pulses, Peripheral Oedema and Local Pain for the Outcome of Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabet Med 1990; 7: 590-4. 27. Crawford F, Inkster M, Kleijnen J, Fahey T. Predicting Foot Ulcers in Patients With Diabetes: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. QJM 2007; 100: 65-86. 28. Carrington AL, Shaw JE, van Schie CH, Abbott CA, Vileikyte L, Boulton AJ. Can Motor Nerve Conduction Velocity Predict Foot Problems in Diabetic Subjects Over a 6-Year Outcome Period? Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 2010-5. 29. Shearer A, Scuffham P, Gordois A, Oglesby A. Predicted Costs and Outcomes From Reduced Vibration Detection in People With Diabetes in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 2305-10. 30. Gordois A, Scuffham P, Shearer A, Oglesby A, Tobian JA. The Health Care Costs of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in the US. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:1790-5. 31. Reiber GE, Vileikyte L, Boyko EJ, et al. Causal Pathways for Incident Lower-Extremity Ulcers in Patients With Diabetes From Two Settings. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:157-62. 32. Management of Diabetes. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network 2001; 55. www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/55/ index.html. Skoðað 16. desember 2007. 114 LÆKNAblaðið 2007/93
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