Jökull


Jökull - 01.01.2019, Page 69

Jökull - 01.01.2019, Page 69
Sgattoni et al. Ágrip Katla er meðal virkustu eldstöðva Íslands og hegð- un hennar síðustu áratugi hefur einkennst af stöðugri skjálftavirkni. Eldstöðin er að talsverðu leyti hulin jökli og flest þekkt gos á sögulegum tíma hafa verið undir þykkum jökli innan öskju hennar. Þeim hafa því fylgt stór jökulhlaup. Í júlí 2011 varð snöggt jökul- hlaup sem tók af brúna yfir Múlakvísl. Þessum atburði fylgdi óróahviða, aukin skjálftavirkni innan öskjunnar og ný skjálftaþyrping við Gvendarfell sunnan henn- ar. Líklegustu skýringar á þessum breytingum eru að annað hvort hafi orðið breytingar á jarðhitakerfi eða kvikuinnskot, hugsanlega lítið eldgos undir jöklinum. Svipaðir atburðir urðu 1955 og 1999. Rannsóknir á skjálftavirkninni sem fylgdi atburðunum 2011 leiða í ljós breytingar á eldstöðvarkerfi Kötlu. Leiða má rök að því að hin þráláta skjálftavirkni sé vísbend- ing um að kvikukerfið sé undir þrýstingi, hugsanlega nálægt brotmörkum sínum og tilbúið til goss. Litl- ir kvikutengdir atburðir, líkir þeim sem urðu 1955, 1999 og 2011, gætu því verkað sem gikkir fyrir stærri atburði. Skjálftaþyrpingin við Gvendarfell beinir at- hyglinni að suðurhlíðum eldstöðvarinnar. Suðurbrún Kötluöskjunnar einkennist af súrum gosmyndunum og hraungúlum. Einnig má finna í Mýrdalsfjöllunum forna öskugíga með ummerkjum um surtseysk gos, t.d. Gæsavatn. Þessar frumathuganir benda til þess að huga þurfi að fjölbreytilegri sviðsmyndum Kötlugosa en hingað til hefur verið gert. REFERENCES Björnsson, H., F. Pálsson and M.T. Guðmundsson 2000. Surface and bedrock topography of the Mýrdalsjökull ice cap, Iceland: The Katla caldera, eruption sites and routes of jökulhlaups. Jökull 49, 29–46. Brandsdóttir, B. and P. Einarsson 1992. Volcanic tremor and low-frequency earthquakes in Iceland. In: Gas- parini P. and K. Aki (ed.) Volcanic Seismology, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 212–222. Buck, W.R., P. Einarsson and B. Brandsdóttir 2006. Tec- tonic stress and magma chamber size as controls on dike propagation: Constraints from the 1975–1984 Krafla rifting episode. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 111, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003879 Budd, D.A. 2015. Characterising volcanic magma plumb- ing systems: A tool to improve eruption forecasting at hazardous volcanoes. PhD dissertation, Uppsala Uni- versity, 42 pp. Budd, D.A., V.R. Troll, B. Dahren and S. Burchardt 2016. Persistent multitiered magma plumbing beneath Katla volcano, Iceland. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 17, 966–980. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC006118 Burchardt, S., T.R. Walter and H. Tuffen 2018. Growth of a volcanic edifice through plumbing system processes- volcanic rift zones, magmatic sheet-intrusion swarms and long-lived conduits. In: Burchardt, S. (ed.) Vol- canic and Igneous Plumbing Systems Understand- ing Magma Transport, Storage, and Evolution in the Earth’s Crust. Elsevier, pp. 89–112. Eggertsson, S. 1919. Ýmislegt smávegis viðvíkjandi Kötlugosinu 1918. Eimreiðin 25, 212–222. Einarsson, E.H., G. Larsen and S. Thorarinsson 1980. The Sólheimar tephra layer and the Katla eruption of ∼1357. Acta Naturalia Islandica 28, 2–23. Einarsson, P. and K. Sæmundsson 1987. Earthquake epi- centers 1982–1985 and volcanic systems in Iceland. In: Sigfússon, Þ.I. (ed.). Í hlutarins eðli, Festschrift for Þorbjörn Sigurgeirsson. Menningarsjóður, Reykjavík (map). Einarsson, P. 1991. Earthquakes and present-day tectonism in Iceland. Tectonophysics 189, 261–279. Einarsson, P. and B. Brandsdóttir 2000. Earthquakes in the Mýrdalsjökull area, Iceland, 1978–1985: Seasonal correlation and relation to volcanoes. Jökull 49, 59– 73. Einarsson, P. and Á.R. Hjartardóttir 2015. Structure and tectonic position of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, S- Iceland. Jökull 65, 1–16. Elders, W.A., G.Ó. Friðleifsson, R.A. Zierenberg , E.C. Pope, A.K. Mortensen, Á. Guðmundsson, J.B. Lowen- stern, N.E. Marks, L. Owens, D.K. Bird, M. Reed, N.J. Olsen and P. Schiffman 2011. Origin of a rhyo- lite that intruded a geothermal well while drilling at the Krafla volcano, Iceland. Geology 39(3), 231–234. https://doi.org/10.1130/G31393.1 Galeczka, I., E.H. Oelkers and S.R. Gislason 2014. The chemistry and element fluxes of the July 2011 Múla- kvísl and Kaldakvísl glacial floods, Iceland. J. Vol- canol. Geotherm. Res. 273, 41–57. https://doi.org/- 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.12.004 Guðmundsson, Ó., B. Brandsdóttir, W. Menke and G.E. Sigvaldason 1994. The crustal magma chamber of the Katla volcano in South Iceland revealed by 2-D seis- mic undershooting. Geophys. J. Int. 119, 277–296. 68 JÖKULL No. 69, 2019
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