Náttúrufræðingurinn

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Náttúrufræðingurinn - 2006, Qupperneq 48

Náttúrufræðingurinn - 2006, Qupperneq 48
Náttúrufræðingurinn were in accordance with standardized methods, e.g. ASTM 2001 (Standard Guide for Conducting In-situ Field Bioassays with Caged Bivalves). When mussels are kept in cages sever- al factors need to be considered. The con- dition of the cages and mussels must be inspected. In the Hvalfjordur in- vestigations, such inspection was made when the mussels had been in their cages for about one month, at which time their spawning season was expected to be completed. The cages were almost cover- ed with 1-2 mm juvenile mussels that were removed with a brush. It is also nec- essary to keep the mussels in their cages for at least 1 month after the spawning season so that they can accumulate en- ough pollution to compensate for the am- ount that was possibly removed by the spawning. Furthermore, the mussels should not be kept in the cages for too long, since several studies have sugge- sted that, e.g. in metal polluted water, the mussels can adjust to the situation by forming metallothioneins that can bind metal ions and lead to their excretion from tissues. Also, the risk of damage to the cages and associated equipment can increase with prolonged time in the wa- ter. Finally the risk of damage is reduced during summer, when storms, ice forma- tion and large waves are not as signi- ficant as in other seasons. The investigations in Hvalfjordur dur- ing the summer of 2004 indicate that if the mussels are in good physical condi- tion at the beginning of their deploy- ment, if they are able to filter seawater continuously the entire time within the cages, and if they have large enough space to grow, the mussels are expected to stay healthy within the cages during the investigation period. This is import- ant since the concentration of pollutants measured in the tissues of healthy mussel tends to reveal the most accurate pollu- tion levels of seawater in the area, part- icularly for the bioavailable pollutants. The results of chemical measurements of soft tissue from the mussels in Hval- fjordur suggest that so far the impact of the plants within the fjord is small regar- ding the accumulation of pollutants in marine organisms in the vicinity. The amount of PAH, heavy metals and other inorganic substances was below or at the analyzing limits of the method used except for the PAH substance benzo(a)pyren in mussels from two sta- tions, at 5 m depth, north of the harbour at Grundartangi. However, the amount is well below the critical limits for the substance in food/mussels in the EU countries and Norway. Despite the low amount of pollutants measured in the soft tissue from mussels in Hvalfjordur the results of the chemical measurements reveal that regular monitoring of the marine organisms in the vicinity of the plants is necessary. Heimildir 1. Chase, M.E., Jones, S.H., Hennigar, P., Sowles, ]., Harding G.C.H., Freeman, K., Wells, P.G., Krahforst, C., Coombs, K., Crawford, R., Pederson, J. & Taylor, D. 2001. Gulfwatch: Monitoring spatial and temporal pattems of trace metals and organic contaminants in the Gulf of Maine (1991-1997) with the Blue Mussel, Mytilus edulis L. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 (6). 490-504. 2. Granmo, Á. 1995. Mussels as a tool in impact assessment. Phuket marine biololical Center Special Publication 15. 215-220. 3. 01berg, E., 1998. Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) as a bioindicator for Marine contamination with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals. M.Sc. Applied Environmental Science. RFRogaland Research, Stavanger Norway. 4. Granby, K. & Spliid, N.H. 1995. Hydrocarbons and Organochlorines in Common Mussels from the Kattegat and the Belts and their relation to condition indices. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30 (1). 74-82. 5. Connell, D.W., Wi, R.S.S., Richardson, B.J., Leung, K., Lam, P.S.K. & Connell, P.A. 1997. Occurrence of persistent organic contaminants and related substances in Hong Kong marine areas: an overview. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36. 376-384. 6. Walker, C.H., Hopkin, S.P., Sibly, R.M., Peakall, D.B. 2001. Principles of Ecotox icology (2nd ed.). New York: Taylor «& Francis. 7. Alþjóðaheilbrigðismálastofnunin (WHO) 1998. Environmental Health Criteria 202. Selected Non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Intemational programme on chemical safety. 8. Leung, K.M.Y., Jörundur Svavarsson, Crane, M. & Morritt, D. 2002. Influence of static and fluctuating salinity on cadmium uptake and metallothionein expression by the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus (L.). Joumal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 274 (2). 175-189. 9. Guðjón Atli Auðunsson, Elín Ámadóttir, Helga Halldórsdóttir, Joan Ribera Vano, Martin Eamon Tighe & Þuríður Ragnarsdóttir 2001. Könnun á ólífrænum snefilefnum og arómatískum fjölhringjum (PAH) í kræklingi við Grundartanga, Hvalfirði, sumarið 2000. Rann- sóknastofnun fiskiðnaðarins, verkefnaskýrsla 03-01. 10. Jóhanna Björk Weisshappel & Halldór Pálmar Halldórsson 2005. Mengunarálag sjávar utan við Grundartanga og Katanes í Hvalfirði vaktað með hjálp kræklings. Hönnun hf. og Rannsóknarstofa í sjávar- líffræði. 11. Guðjón Atli Auðunsson, Elín Árnadóttir, Taru Uusinoka & Þuríður Ragnarsdóttir 2005. Könnun á ólífrænum snefilefnum og fjölhringja kolvatnsefnum (PAH) í kræklingi við Grundartanga, Hvalfirði, haustið 2004. Rannsóknastofnun fiskiðnaðarins. 12. Salazar, M.H. & Salazar, S.M. 2001. Standard Guide for Conducting In-situ Field Bioassays with Caged Bivalves. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 2001 Annual Book of ASTM Stand- ards, Designation: E 2122 02. 13. Davíð Egilson, Elísabet D. Ólafsdóttir, Eva Yngvadóttir, Helga Hall- dórsdóttir, Flosi Hrafn Sigurðsson, Gunnar Steinn Jónsson, Helgi Jensson, Karl Gunnarsson, Sigurður A. Þráinsson, Andri Stefánsson, Hallgrímur Daði Indriðason, Hreinn Hjartarson, Jóhanna Thorlacius, Kristín Ólafsdóttir, Sigurður R. Gíslason & Jörundur Svavarsson 1999. Mælingar á mengandi efnum á og við ísland. Niðurstöður vöktunar mælinga. Starfshópur um mengunarmælingar, mars 1999, Reykjavík. 138 bls. 14. Evrópusambandið 2005. Commission regulation no. 208/2005. Official Joumal of the European Union. 15. Molvær, J., Knutzen, J., Magnusson, )., Rygg, B., Skei, J. & Sorensen, J. 1997. Klassifisering av miljokvalitet i fjorder og kystfarvann. Veiledning 97:03 Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT). Um höfund Jóhanna B. Weisshappel lauk meistaranámi í sjávarlíffræði frá Háskóla íslands 1996. Sam- hliða námi var hún aðstoðarkennari við líf- fræðiskor Háskólans og aðstoðarmaður við botndýrarannsóknir á Líffræðistofnun Háskól- ans. Árið 1997 vann hún hjá Alþjóðahafrann- sóknaráðinu (ICES) í Kaupmannahöfn og 1998-1999 á Líffræðistofnun Háskólans. Frá ár- inu 2000 hefur hún unnið að verkefnum sem tengjast umhverfisvöktun, mati á umhverfisá- hrifum, grænu bókhaldi og ýmsu öðru sem lýt- ur að mengunarmálum og lífríki hjá Hönnun hf., ráðgjafarfyrirtæki og verkfræðistofu. PÓSTFANG HÖFUNDAR/AUTHOR’S ADDRESS Jóhanna Björk Weisshappel jw@honnun.is Hönnun hf. Grensásvegi 1 IS-108 Reykjavík 108
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