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Læknablaðið - 15.02.2008, Qupperneq 30

Læknablaðið - 15.02.2008, Qupperneq 30
FRÆÐIGREINAR STOFNFRUMUR sóknir benda til að fínstjómun á hegðun frumna sé háð nánu samspili við umhverfið. Allt eru þetta krefjandi og viðamiklir þættir sem allir eru sam- tvinnaðir. Jafnvel þótt ígræðsla taugastofnfrumna yrði ekki raunin í nánustu framtíð mun þekkingin sem þessar rannsóknir skapa geta fært okkur margt annað. Rannsóknir á stofnfrumum geta til dæmis aukið þekkingu á uppruna og meingerð sjúkdóma og gætu einnig flýtt fyrir lyfjaþróun. Aður en rannsóknir fara fram á mönnum þarf að sýna með óyggjandi hætti að árangur hafi náðst með dýratilraunum. Einnig verður að hafa í huga að árangur dýratilrauna tryggir ekki árangur þegar kemur að mönnum. Jafnvel þó að grunn- rannsóknir sýni árangur verður það ávallt próf- steinninn hvort meðferðarformið geti minnkað einkenni eða aukið lífsgæði sjúklinga með þessa erfiðu og langvinnu sjúkdóma. Þakkir Höfundar þakka Ingvari Ólafssyni taugaskurð- lækni fyrir yfirlestur og gagnlegar ábendingar. Heimildir 1. Goldman SA, Nottebohm F. 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Human neuroblasts migrate to the olfactory bulb via a lateral ventricular extension. Science 2007; 315:1243-9. 10. Geraerts M, Krylyshkyna O, Debyser Z, Baekelandt V. Concise review: therapeutic strategies for Parkinson disease based on the modulation of adult neurogenesis. Stem Cells 2007; 25: 263-70. 11. Arvidsson A, Collin T, Kirik D, et al. Neuronal replacement from endogenous precursors in the adult brain after stroke. Nat Med 2002; 8: 963-70. 12. Magavi SS, Leavitt BR, Macklis JD. Induction of neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult mice. Nature 2000; 405: 951-5. 13. Shen Q, Goderie SK, Jin L, et al. Endothelial Cells Stimulate Self-Renewal and Expand Neurogenesis of Neural Stem Cells. Science 2004; 304:1338-40. 14. Palmer TD, Willhoite AR, Gage FH. Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. J Comp Neurol 2000; 425: 479- 94. 15. Yin T, Linheng L. The stem cell niches in bone. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1195-201. 16. Matssumo K, Yoshitomi H, Rossant J, Zare KS. Liver organogenesis promoted by endothelial cells prior to vascular function. Science 2001; 294: 559-63. 17. Lim DA, Alvarez-Buylla A. Interaction between astrocytes and adult subventricular zone precursors stimulates neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1999; 96: 7526-31. 18. Laywell ED, Kukekov VG, Steindler DA. Multipotent neurospheres can be derived from forebrain subependymal zone and spinal cord of adult mice after protracted postmortem intervals. Exp Neurol 1999; 156: 430-3. 19. Chmielnicki E, Benraiss A, Economides AN, Goldman SA. Adenovirally expressed noggin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor cooperate to induce new medium spiny neurons from resident progenitor cells in the adult striatal ventricular zone. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 2133-42. 20. Lindvall O, Kokaia Z, Martinez-Serrano A. Stem cell therapy for human neurodegenerative disorders - how to make it work. Nature Med 2004; 10 (suppl.): 42-50. 21. Dezawa M, Kanno H, Hoshino M, et al. Specific induction of neuronal cells from bone marrow stromal cells and application for autologous transplantation. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:1701-10. 22. Takagi Y, Takahashi J, Saiki H, et al. Dopaminergic neurons generated from monkey embryonic stem cells function in a Parkinson primate model. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:102-9. 23. Björklund LM, Sanchez-Pernaute R, Chung S, et al. Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 2344-9. 24. Kim JH, Auerbach JM, Rodriguez-Gomez JA, et al. Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Nature 2002; 418: 50-6. 25. Levesque MF, Neuman T. Autologous transplantation of differentiated dopaminergic neurons for Parkinson's disease: long term post-operative, clinical and functional metabolic results. Exp Neurol 2002; 175: 425. 26. Fallon J, Reid S, Kinyamu R, et al. In vivo induction of massive proliferation, directed migration, and differentiation of neural cells in the adult mammalian brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97:14686-91. 27. Hoglinger GU, Rizk P, Muriel MP, et al. Dopamine depletion impairs precursor cell proliferation in Parkinson disease. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7: 726-35. 28. Freundlieb N, Francois C, Tande D, Oertel WH, Hirsch EC, Hoglinger GU. Dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons project topographically organized to the subventricular zone and stimulate precursor cell proliferation in aged primates. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 2321-5. 29. Van Kampen JM, Hagg T, Robertson HA. Induction of neurogenesis in the adult rat subventricular zone and neostriatum following dopamine D receptor stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19: 2377-87. 30. Wichterle H, Lieberam I, Porter JA, Jessell TM. Directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells into motor neurons. Cell 2002; 110: 385-97. 31. Li XJ, Du ZW, Zarnowska ED, et al. Specification of motoneurons from human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2005; 23: 215-21. 32. Kerr DA, Liado J, Shamblott M, et al. Human embryonic germ cell derivatives facillitate motor recovery of rats with diffuse motor neuron injury. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 5131-40. 33. Harper JM. et al. Axonal growth of embryonic stem cell- derived motoneurons in vitro and in motoneuron-injured adult rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 7123-8. 34. Miles GB, Yohn DC, Wichterle H, et al. Functional properties of motoneurons derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 7848-58. 35. Hugenholtz H, Cass DE, Dvorak MF, et al. High-dose methylprednisolone for acute closed spinal cord injury - only a treatment option. Can J Neurol Sci 2002; 29: 227-35. Review. 36. Raisman G. Olfactory ensheathing cells- another miracle cure for spinal cord injury? Nat Rev Neurosci 2001; 2: 369- 474. 37. McDonald JW, Liu XZ, Qu Y, et al. Transplanted embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate and promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord. Nat Med 1999; 5:1410-2. 38. Liu S, Qu Y, Stewart TJ, et al. Embryonic stem cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate in culture and after spinal cord transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2000; 97: 6126-31. 122 LÆKNAblaðið 2008/94
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