Tímarit hjúkrunarfræðinga


Tímarit hjúkrunarfræðinga - 01.12.2003, Page 29

Tímarit hjúkrunarfræðinga - 01.12.2003, Page 29
FRÆÐIGREIN Sykurlausn í munn við verkjum hjá fyrirburum og... verkjameðferðin skipti máli. Það að lina sárs- auka hjá fyrirburum og veikum fullburða börn- um er brýnt verkefni sem komið getur í veg fyrir varanlegan skaða hjá þeim börnum sem í hlut eiga (Porter og Anand, 1998). Auk þess snýst slík verkjameðferð um mannúð og virðingu fyrir þessum litlu skjólstæðingum okkar og rétti þeirra til sem minnstrar vanlíðanar og mestrar mögulegrar vellíðanar. Af niðurstöðum þeim, sem áður eru nefndar, má sjá að til boða standa nýir möguleikar við verkja- meðferð nýbura sem verða fyrir smávægilegum inngripum eins og blóðtöku með hælstungu, nál- aruppsetningu, mænuholsástungu, þvagástungu, brjóstholsástungu, uppsetningu barkarennu og fleira. Frekari rannsókna er þörf til að staðfesta gagnsemi sykurlausnar í munn við að lina sárs- auka við margvíslegar aðstæður og meðal undir- hópa nýbura. Auk þess þarf að stilla útfærslur af eftir þörfum, s.s. styrk lausnarinnar sem gefa á. Aðferðin lofar þó almennt góðu við meðferð verkja hjá nýburum, bæði hvað áhættu og árang- ur varðar. Við hvetjum hjúkrunarfræðinga á nýburagjörgæslu- og fæðingardeildum til að taka þátt í því að nota og þróa frekar gjöf súrkrósa- lausnar við verkjum hjá skjólstæðingum sínum en jafnframt fylgjast náið með þróun þekkingar á þessu sviði á komandi árum. Heimildaskrá Abad, F., Diaz, N.M., Robayna, M., og Rico, J. (1996). Oral sweet solution reduces pain-related behaviour in preterm infants. Acta Pœdiatrica, 85, 854-858. Allen, K.D., White, D.D., og Walburn, J.N. (1996). Sucrose as an anal- gesic agent for infants during immunization injections. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 150, 270-274. Anand, KJ.S., og Carr, D.B. (1989). The neuroanatomy, neurophysi- ology, and neurochemistry of pain, stress, and analgesia in new- borns and children. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 36, 795- 822. Anand, K.J.S., og McGrath, P.J. (ritstj.). (1993) Pain in neonates. Elsevier.London, Bretlandi. Anand, KJ.S,. og Craig, K.D. (1996). New perspectives on the defini- tion of pain. Pain, 67, 3-6. Barker, D.P., og Rutter, N. (1995). Expousure to invasive procedures in neonatal intensive care unit admissions. Archives ofDisease in Childhood Fetal Ct Neonatal Edition, 72, F47-F48. Blass, E., og Ciaramitaro, V.A. (1994). A new look at some old mechanisms in human newborns: Taste and tactile determinants of state, affect and action. Monographies ofSocial Research in Child Development, 59, 1-80. Blass, E., og Hoffmeyer, L.B. (1991). Sucrose as an analgesic for new- born infants. Pediatrics, 87(2), 215-218. Blass, E.L., og Watt, LB. (1999). Suckling- and sucrose-induced anal- gesia in human newborns, Pain, 83, 611-623. Bucher, H.U., Moser, T., Von Siebenthal, K., Keel, M., Wolf, M., og Duc, G. (1995). Sucrose reduces pain reaction to heel lancing in pre- term infants: A placebo-controlled, randomized and masked study. Pediatric Research, 38(3), 332-335. Carbajal, R., Chauvert, S., og Oliver-Martin, M. (1999). Randomised trial of analgesic effects of sucrose, glucose, and pacifiers in term neonates. The British MedicalJo- urnal, 319, 1393-1397. Cunningham, N. (1990). Ethical perspectives on the perception and treatment of neona- tal pain. Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing, 4(1), 75-83. Fitzgerald, M. (1995). Developmental biology of inflammatory pain. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 75, 177-185. Franck, LS., Greenberg, C.S., og Stevens, B. (2000). Pain Assessment in Infants and Children. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 47(3), 487-512. Gibbins, S., Stevens, B., Hodnett, E„ Pinelli, J„ Ohlsson, A„ og Darlington, G. (2002). Efficacy of sucrose for procedural pain in preterm and term neonates. Nursing Re- search, 57(6), 375-382. Ginnakoulopoulos, X„ Sepulveda, W„ Ploutarchos, K„ o.fl. (1994). Fetal plasma cortisol and beta-endorphin response to intrauterine needling. Lancet, 344,77-81. Grunau, R.V.E., Whitfield, M„ Petrie, J„ o.fl. (1994a). Early pain experience, child and family factors, as precursors of somatization: A prospective study of extremely pre- mature and full-term children. Pain, 56, 353-359. Grunau, R.V.E., Whitfield, M„ Petrie, J„ o.fl. (1994b). Pain sensitivity and temperament in extremely low-birth-weight premature toddlers and preterm and full-term controls. Pain, 58, 341-346. Grunau, R.V.E. (1998). Long-term effects of pain. Research and Clinical Forums, 20(4),19- 28. Haouari, N„ Wood, C„ Griffiths, G„ og Levene, M. (1995). The analgesic effect of sucrose in full term infants: A randomised controlled trial. The British Medical Journal, 370(6993), 1498-1500. Johnston, C.C., Stevens, B.J., Yang, F„ og Horton, L. (1995). Differential response to pain by very premature neonates. Pain, 61, 471- 479. Johnston, C.C., og Stevens, BJ. (1996). Experience in the neonatal intensive care unit af- fects pain response. Pediatrics, 98(5), 925- 930. Jorgensen, K. (1999). Pain assessment and management in the newborn infant. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 74(6), 349-356. McGrath, P.A. (1990). Pain in children: Nature, assessment, and treatment. The Guilford Press, New York, 41 -59. Moore, K.L, og Persaud, T.V.N. (1993). The Developing Human. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. Porter, F.L., og Anand, KJ.S. (1998). Epidemiology of pain in neonates. Research and Clin- ical Forums, 20(4), 9-16. Ramenghi, L„ Wood, C„ Griffith, G„ og Levene, M. (1996a). Reduction of pain response in premature infants using intraoral sucrose. Archives ofDisease in Childhood Fetal Et Neonatal Edition, 74(2), 126F-128F. Ramenghi, L„ Griffith, G„ Wood, C„ og Levene, M. (1996b). Effect of non-sucrose sweet tasting solution on neonatal heel prick responses. Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal Et Neonatal Edition, 74(2), 129F-131F. Ramenghi, L„ Evans, D„ og Levene, M. (1999). "Sucrose analgesia": Absoptive mechanism or taste perception? Archives ofDisease in Childhood Fetal Et Neonatal Edition, 80(2), 146F-147F. Rushforth, J.A., og Levene, M. (1993). Effect of sucrose on crying in response to heel stab. Archives ofDisease in Childhood, 69, 388-389. Shapiro, C. (1989). Pain in the neonate: Assessment and intervention. Neonatal Network, 8(1), 7-21. Skogsdal, Y„ Eriksson, M„ og Schollin, J. (1997). Analgesia in newborns given oral glucose. Acta Pœdiatrica, 86, 217-220. Stevens, B„ Taddio, A„ Ohlsson, A„ og Einarson, T. (1997). The efficacy of sucrose for re- lieving procedural pain in neonates: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Acta Pœdiatrica, 86, 837-842. Stevens, B„ Johnston, C„ Franck, L, Petrysen, P„ Jack, A„ og Foster, G. (1999). The efficacy of developmentally sensitive interventions and sucrose for relieving procedural pain in very low birth weight neonates. Nursing Research, 48(1), 35-43. Stevens, B„ Yamada, J„ og Ohlsson, A. (2002). Sucrose foranalgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviewes, Volume (Issue 1). Sótt 21. feb. 2002, á http://gateway2.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi Taddio, A„ Goldbach, M„ Ipp, M„ o.fl. (1995). Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination in boys. Lancet, 345, 291. Taddio, A„ Katz, J„ llersich, A.L, o.fl. (1997). Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain responses during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet, 349, 599 Vander, A.J., Sherman, J.H., og Luciano, D.S. (1990). Human Physiology[5. útgáfa). McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York. Wolf, A.R. (1999). Pain, nociception and the developing infant. Pediatric Anaesthesia, 9, 7-17. Timarit islenskra hjúkrunarfræöinga 5. tbl. 79. árg. 2003 ; 2'

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