Læknablaðið - 15.07.2003, Blaðsíða 37

FRÆÐIGREINAR / BEINÞETTNI KVENNA
4. Skerry TM. Identification of novel signaling pathways during
functional adaptation of the skeleton to mechanical loading:
The role of glutamate as a paracrine signaling agent in the
skeleton. J Bone Miner Metab 1999; 17: 66-70.
5. Calbet JA, Moysi HS, Dorado C, Rodriguez LR Bone mineral
content and density in professional tennis players. Calcif
Tissue Int 1998; 62: 491-6.
6. Wittich A, Mautalen CA, Oliveri MB, Bagur A, Somoza F, Rot-
emberg E. Professional football (soccer) players have a marked-
ly greater skeletal mineral content, density and size than age-
and BMI-matched controls. Calcif Tissue Int 1998; 63:112-7.
7. Tsuzuku S, Ikegami Y, Yabe K. Effects of high-intensity resis-
tance training on bone mineral density in young male
powerlifters. Calcif Tissue Int 1998; 63: 283-6.
8. Karlsson MK, Johnell O, Obrant KJ. Bone mineral density in
weight lifters. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 52: 212-5.
9. Madsen KL, Adams WC, Van Loan MD. Effects of physical acti-
vity, body weight and composition, and muscular strength on bone
density in young women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30:114-20.
10. Ususi-Rasi K, Sievanen H, Vuori I, Pasanen M, Heinonen A,
Oja P. Associations of physical activity and calcium intake with
bone mass and size in healthy women at different ages. J Bone
Min Res 1998; 13:133-42.
11. Duppe H, Gardsell P, Johnell O, Nilsson BE, Ringsberg K.
Bone mineral density, muscle strength and physical activity. A
population-based study of 332 subjects aged 15-42 years. Acta
Orthop Scan 1997; 68: 97-103.
12. Greendale GA, Barrett-Connor E, Edelestein S, Ingles S,
Haile R. Lifetime leisure exercise and osteoporosis. The
Rancho Bernardo study. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141: 951-9.
13. Parra-Cabrera S, Hernandez-Avila M, Tamayo-y-Orozco J,
López-Carrillo L, Meneses-González. Exercise and reproduc-
tive factors as predictors of bone density among osteoporotic
women in Mexico city. Calcif Tissue Int 1996; 59: 89-94.
14. Nguyen TV, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA. Bone loss, physical
activity and weight change in elderly women: the Dubbo
osteoporosis epidemiologic study. J Bone Min Res 1998; 13:
1458-67.
15. Brahm H, Mallmin H, Michaelsson K, Strom H, Ljunghall S.
Relationships between bone mass measurements and lifetime
physical activity in a Swedish population. Calcif Tissue Int
1998; 62: 400-12.
16. Jaglal SB, Kreiger N, Darlington GA. Lifetime occupational
physical activity and risk of hip fracture in women. Ann
Epidemiol 1995; 5: 321-4.
17. Damiliakis J, Perisinakis K, Kontakis G, Vagios E, Gourtsoyi-
annis N. Effect of lifetime occupational physical activity on
indices of bone mineral status in healthy postmenopausal
women. Calcif Tissue Int 1999; 64:112-6.
18. Weiss M, Yogev R, Dolev E. Occupational sitting and low hip
mineral density. Calcif Tissue Int 1998; 62:47-50.
19. Coupland CAC, Gainge MJ, Cliffe SJ, Hosking DJ, Chilvers
CED. Occupational activity and bone mineral density in
postmenopausal women in England. Osteoporos Int 2000; 11:
310-5.
20. Wolff I, van Croonberg JJ, Kemper HC, Kostense PJ, Twisk
JW. The effect of exercise training programs on bone mass: a
meta-analysis of publishedcontrolled trials in pre- and
postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 1999; 9:1-12.
21. Marshall D, Hohnell O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well
measures of bone mineral density predicts occurrence of
osteoporotic fractures. BMJ 1996; 312:1254-9.
22. Sigurðsson G, Franzson L, Steingrímsdóttir L, Sigvaldason H.
The association between parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and
bone density in 70-year-old Icelandic women. Osteoporos Int
2000; 11:1031-5.
23. Coupland CAC, Cliffe SJ, Bassey EJ, Grainge MJ, Hosking D,
Chilvers CED. Habitual physical activity and bone mineral
density in postmeopausal women in England. Int J Epidemiol
1999; 28: 241-6.
24. Ebrahim S, Thompson PW, Baskaran V, Evans K. Rando-
mized placebo controlled trial of brisk walking in the preven-
tion of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Age and Ageing 1997;
26:253-60.
25. Humphries B, Newton RU, Bronks R, Marshall S, McBride J,
Triplett-McBride T, et al. Effect of exercise intensity on bone
density, strength, and calcium turnover in older women. Med
Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 6:1043-50.
26. Kohrt WM, Ehsani AA, Birge SJ. Effects of exercise involving
predominantly either joint reaction or ground reaction forces
on bone mineral density in older women. J Bone Min Res
1997; 8:1253-61.
27. Sagiv M, Vogelaere PP, Soudry M, Ehrsam R. Role of physical
activity training in attenuation of height loss though aging.
Gerontology 2000; 46: 266-70.
28. Sprgaard AJ, B0 K, Klungland M, Jacobsen BK. En oversikt
over norske studier - hvor mye beveger vi oss i fritiden?
Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2000; 120: 3439-46.
29. National Center for Health Statistics. Plan and operation of
the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,
1988-94. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 1, No.32. Hyatts-
ville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services,
Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Pre-
vention, National Center for Health Statistics, 1994a. DHHS
Publication No. (PHS) 94-1308.
30. Physical Activity and Health. A Report of the Surgeon Gene-
ral. US. Department of health and human services. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention. National Center of Chronic
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. The President’s
Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. wmv.cdc.gov/
nccdphp/sgr/contents
31. Sigurðardóttir S, Helgason J, Sveinsson P. Könnun á heilsu,
þreki og hreyfingu. Sjúkraþjálfarinn 1999; 26: 23-6.
32. Tudor-Locke CE, Myers AM. Challenges and opportunities
for measuring physical activity in sedentary adults. Sports Med
2001;31:91-100.
33. Gudmundsdottir SL, Augestad LB, Flanders WD. Physical
activity and bone mineral density. A review of recent rando-
mized studies. Recent Research Developments in epidemio-
logy. Transworld Research Network. In press.
34. Adami S, Gatti D, Braga V, Bianchini D, Rossini M. Site
specific effects of strength training on bone structure and
geometry of ultradistal radius in postmenopausal women. J
Bone Min Res 1999; 1:120-4.
35. Heinonen A, Kannus P, Sievanen H, Oja P, Pasanen M, Rinne
M, et al. Randomized controlled trial of effect of high impact
exercise on selected risk factors for osteoporotic fractures.
Lancet 1996; 348:1343-7.
36. Weaver CM, Teegarden D, Lyle RM, Mccabe GP, Mccabe LD,
Proulx W et al. Impact of exercise on bone health and contra-
indication of oral contraceptive use in young women. Med Sci
Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 873-80.
37. Bassey EJ. Rothwell MC, Litlewood JJ, Pye DW. Pre and
postmenopausal women have different bone mineral density
responses to the same high impact exercise. J Bone Min Res
1998; 12:1805-13.
38. Bravo G, Gauthier P, Pierre-Michel R, Payette H, Gaulin P,
Harvey M, et al. Impact of a 12 month exercise program on the
physical and psychological health of osteopenic women. JAGS
1996; 7: 756-62.
39. Ryan AS, Treuth MS, Hunter GR, Elahi D. Resistive training
maintains bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.
Calcif Tissue Int 1998; 62: 295-9.
40. Bemben DA, Fetters NL, Bemben MG, Nabavi N, Koh ET.
Musculoskeletal responses to high and low intensity resistance
raining in early postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc
2000; 11:1043-50.
41. Kerr D, Ackland T, Maslen B, Morton A, Prince R. Resistance
training over 2 years increases bone mass in calcium replete
postmenopausal women. J Bone Min Res 2001; 1:175-81.
42. Humphries B, Mummaery K, Newton RU, Humphries N.
Identifying bone mass and muscular changes. Adm Rad J
2001;1:7-11.
43. Heinonen A, Oja P, Sievanen H, Pasanen M, Vuori I. Effect of
two training regimens on bone mineral density in healthy peri-
menopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone
Min Res 1998; 3:483-90.
44. Maddalozzo GF, Snow CM. High intensity resitsance training:
Effects on bone in older men and women. Calcif Tissue Int
2000; 66: 99-404.
45. Marcus R, Kiratli BJ. Physical activity and osteoporosis. In:
Marcus R, Feldman D, Kelsey J eds. Osteoporosis, volume 1.
London: Academic press, 2001: 309-25.
46. Frost HM. Bone “mass” and the “mechanostat”. Anat Rec
1987; 219:1-9.
47. Chow JWM, Fox SW, Lean JM, Chambers TJ. Role of nitric
oxide and prostaglandins in mechanically induced bone
formation. J Bone Min Res 1998; 13:1039-44.
48. Lean JM, Jagger CJ, Chambers TJ, Chow JW. Increased insu-
lin-like growth factor I mRNA expression in rat osteocytes in
response to mechanical stimulation. Am J Physiol 1995; 268:
E318-27.
49. Raisz LG. Local and systemic factors in the pathogenesis of
osteoporosis. In: Marcus R, Feldman D, Kelsey J eds.
Osteoporosis, volume 1. London: Academic press, 2001:19-28.
50. Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ, Robertson MC, Lamb SE, Cum-
ming RG, Rowe BH. Interventions for preventing falls in
elderly people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
2001; 3: CD000340.
Læknablaðið 2003/89 593