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Læknablaðið - 15.04.2009, Qupperneq 17

Læknablaðið - 15.04.2009, Qupperneq 17
FRÆÐIGREINAR RANNSÓKNIR matvæli verði merkt með rauðu, gulu og grænu eftir hollustu. Líklegt er að slíkar merkingar gætu haft jákvæð áhrif á val almennings til að velja hollari fæðu. Einnig er í athugasemdum Evrópsku hjartaverndarsamtakanna lagt til að dregið verði úr markaðssetningu sem beint er að bömum. Athygli er vakin á að aðeins tvö ríki í Evrópusambandinu takmarka markaðssetningu á óhollu fæði til bama.34 Sú leið hefur einmitt verið nefnd sem fjárhagslega hagkvæm eftir kostnaðarvirknigreiningu í nýlegri úttekt á vegum Lýðheilsustöðvar.12 Aukin offita er alþjóðlegt vandamál bæði í þróuðum og vanþróuðum ríkjum og íslendingar em engir eftirbátar annarra í þeim efnum. Til þess að snúa þessari þróun við þarf margháttaðar breytingar á hugarfari, samfélagi og lagaramma. Heimildir 1. Sigfússon N, Sigurðsson G, Sigvaldason H, Guðnason V. Breytingar á reykingavenjum miðaldra og eldri íslendinga síðastliðin þrjátíu ár og ástæður þeirra. Niðurstöður úr hóprannsóknum Hjartavemdar. Læknablaðið 2003; 89: 489- 98. 2. Þorgeirsson G, Davíðsson D, Sigvaldason H, Sigfússon N. Áhættuþættir kransæðasjúkdóms meðal karla og kvenna á íslandi. Niðurstöður úr hóprannsókn Hjartavemdar 1967- 1985. Læknablaðið 2005; 91:107-14. 3. Guðmundsson LS, Jóhannsson M, Þorgeirsson G, Sigfússon N, Sigvaldason H, Witteman JC. Hypertension control as predictor of mortality in treated men and women, followed for up to 30 years. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2005; 19: 227-35. 4. Sigfússon N, Sigurðsson G, Agnarsson U, et al. Declining coronary heart disease mortality in Iceland: contribution by incidence, recurrence and case fatality rate. Scand Cardiovasc J 2002; 36: 337-41. 5. Sigfússon N, Sigurðsson G, Agnarsson U, et al. Breytingar á tíðni kransæðasjúkdóma á ísland. Læknablaðið 2001; 87: 889- 96. 6. Bergsveinsson J, Aspelund T, Guðnason V, Benediktsson R. Algengi sykursýki af tegund tvö á íslandi 1967-2002. Læknablaðið 2007; 93: 397-402. 7. Ford ES, Ajani UA, Croft JB, et al. Explaining the decrease in U.S. deaths from coronary disease, 1980-2000. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2388-98. 8. Carstensen B, Kristensen JK, Ottosen P, Borch-Johnsen K. The Danish National Diabetes Register: trends in incidence, prevalence and mortality. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 2187-96. 9. Gregory CO, Martorell R, Venkat Narayan K, Ramirez-Zea M, Stein AD. Five-year changes in adiposity and cardio- metabolic risk factors among Guatemalan young adults. Public Health Nutr 2008:1-8. 10. Goldfine AB, Beckman JA. Life and death in Denmark: lessons about diabetes and coronary heart disease. Circulation 2008; 117:1914-7. 11. Perkins I. Diabetes mellitus epidemiology-classification, determinants, and public health impacts. J Miss State Med Assoc 2004; 45: 355-62. 12. Ásgeirsdóttir TL. Holdafar, hagfræðileg greining. Lýðheilsu- stöð, Reykjavík 2007. 13. Harris TB, Launer LJ, Eiríksdóttir G, et al. Age, Gene/ Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study: multidisciplinary applied phenomics. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165:1076-87. 14. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1183-97. 15. World Health Organization (WHO). OBESITY, Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of the WHO Consultation on Obesity, Geneva 3-5 June 1997. WHO, Geneva 1998. 16. Wodd SN. Generalized Additive Models. An Introduction with R. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC; 2006. 17. Berg C, Rosengren A, Aires N, et al. Trends in overweight and obesity from 1985 to 2002 in Göteborg, West Sweden. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29: 916-24. 18. Allender S, Scarborough P, Peto V, et al. European cardiovascular disease statistics 2008. 1 ed. European Heart Network, Oxford 2008. 19. Grant SF, Þorleifsson G, Reynisdóttir I, et al. Variant of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene confers risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 2006; 38: 320-3. 20. Steinþórsdóttir V, Þorleifsson G, Reynisdóttir I, et al. A variant in CDKALl influences insulin response and risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 2007; 39: 770-5. 21. Smith JH, McAuliffe A, Firth RG. Irish diabetes detection programme in general practice. Diabetic Med 2003; 20: 717- 22. 22. Simmons D, McKenzie A, Eaton S, Shaw J, Zimmet P. Prevalence of diabetes in rural Victoria. Diabetes Res Clin Practice 2005; 70: 287-90. 23. Botas P, Delgado E, Castano G, Díaz de Grenu C, Prieto J, Díaz-Cadómiga FJ. Comparison of the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus, WHO-1985, ADA-1997 and WHO-1999 in the adult population of Asturias (Spain). Diabetic Med 2003; 20: 904-8. 24. www.lydheilsustod.is/greinar/greinasafn/manneldi// nr/329. 25. Serra-Majem L, Ribas-Barba L, Salvador G, et al. Trends in energy and nutrient intake and risk of inadequate intakes in Catalonia, Spain (1992-2003). Public Health Nutr 2007; 10: 1354-67. 26. Þorgeirsdóttir H, Steingrímsdóttir L, Ólafsson Ö. Þróun ofþyngdar og offitu meðal 45-64 ára Reykvíkinga á ámnum 1975-1994. Læknablaðið 2001; 87: 699-704. 27. Costanza MC, Beer-Borst S, Morabia A. Achieving energy balance at the population level through increases in physical activity. Am J Public Health 2007; 97: 520-5. 28. Frank LD, Schmid TL, Sallis JF, Chapman J, Saelens BE. Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: findings from SMARTRAQ. Am J Prev Med 2005; 28(2 Suppl 2): 117-25. 29. Frank LD, Andresen MA, Schmid TL. Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. Am J Prev Med 2004; 27: 87-96. 30. Rundle A, Roux AV, Free LM, Miller D, Neckerman KM, Weiss CC. The urban built environment and obesity in New York City: a multilevel analysis. Am J Health Promot 2007; 21(4 Suppl): 326-34. 31. Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Frank LD. Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures. Ann Behav Med 2003; 25: 80-91. 32. Lindström M. Means of transportation to work and overweight and obesity: a population-based study in southem Sweden. Prev Med 2008; 46: 22-8. 33. Mytton O, Gray A, Rayner M, Rutter H. Could targeted food taxes improve health? J Epidemiol Community Health 2007; 61: 689-94. 34. www.ehnheart.org/files/W%20paper%20EHN%20Commen ts-093408A.pdf.
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