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Læknablaðið - 01.06.2015, Page 30

Læknablaðið - 01.06.2015, Page 30
318 LÆKNAblaðið 2015/101 Salmonella tvívegis í hitameðhöndluðu fóðri, annars vegar fóðri sem ætlað er kjúklingum og hins vegar í húsdýrafóðri.59,60 Annað- hvort hefur hitameðhöndlunin verið ófullnægjandi eða að fóðrið hefur mengast eftir hitameðhöndlun. Þetta undirstrikar mikilvægi þess að vera meðvitaður um áhættuna sem fylgir innfluttu fóðri og mikilvægi réttrar hitameðhöndlunar á því. Mjög lítil notkun sýklalyfja í íslenskum landbúnaði ásamt virkum aðhaldsaðgerðum til að draga úr útbreiðslu Campylobac- ter og Salmonella hafa gert íslensk matvæli með þeim öruggustu í heiminum í dag. Mikilvægt er að almenningur sé meðvitaður um þetta. Engin matvæli eru 100% örugg, en með því að þekkja upp- runaland matvæla geta neytendur tekið upplýstari ákvörðun við kaup á matvælum. Þakkarorð Höfundar þakka Hjördísi Harðardóttur, sérfræðilækni á sýkla- fræðideild Landspítala, fyrir yfirlestur á greininni og góðar ábendingar. Heimildir 1. Rossi J, Garner SA. Industrial Farm Animal Production: A Comprehensive Moral Critique. J Agr Environ Ethic 2014; 27: 479-522. 2. Marshall BM, Levy SB. Food animals and antimicrobials: impacts on human health. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011; 24: 718-33. 3. Ercsey-Ravasz M, Toroczkai Z, Lakner Z, Baranyi J. Complexity of the international agro-food trade network and its impact on food safety. PloS one 2012; 7: e37810. 4. Taylor LH, Latham SM, Woolhouse ME. Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001; 356: 983-9. 5. Cleaveland S, Laurenson MK, Taylor LH. Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen charac- teristics, host range and the risk of emergence.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001; 356: 991-9. 6. Horrocks SM, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ, Ricke SC. Incidence and ecology of Campylobacter jejuni and coli in animals. Anaerobe 2009; 15: 18-25. 7. Tustin J, Laberge K, Michel P, Reiersen J, Daðadóttir S, Briem H, et al. A national epidemic of campylobacteriosis in Iceland, lessons learned. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 58: 440-7. 8. Matvælastofnun. Eftirlit með kampýlóbakter í alifuglum. Sýnatökur í frumframleiðslu og slátrun og viðbrögð. In: MAST, editor. MAST, Selfossi 2012: 8. 9. Georgsson F, Thorkelsson AE, Geirsdottir M, Reiersen J, Stern NJ. The influence of freezing and duration of stor- age on Campylobacter and indicator bacteria in broiler carcasses. Food Microbiol 2006; 23: 677-83. 10. Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, Angulo FJ, Kirk M, O'Brien SJ, et al. The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50: 882-9. 11. Falkenhorst G, Simonsen J, Ceper TH, van Pelt W, de Valk H, Sadkowska-Todys M, et al. Serological cross-sectional studies on salmonella incidence in eight European coun- tries: no correlation with incidence of reported cases. BMC Public Health 2012; 12: 523. 12. Janiec J, Evans MR, Thomas DR, Davies GH, Lewis H. Laboratory-based surveillance of Campylobacter and Salmonella infection and the importance of denominator data. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 140: 2045-52. 13. Jore S, Viljugrein H, Brun E, Heier BT, Borck B, Ethelberg S, et al. Trends in Campylobacter incidence in broilers and humans in six European countries, 1997-2007. Prev Vet Med 2010; 93: 33-41. 14. Landspítali Sýklafræðideild. landspitali.is/library/Sam- eigin legar-skrar/Gagnasafn/Klinisk-svid-og-deildir/ Rannsoknarsvid/Syklafraedideild/Salm-Camp-E-coli- O157-VTEC-2014.pdf - maí 2015. 15. EFSA/ECDC. The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food- borne outbreaks in 2013. EFSA J 2015; 13. 16. Crook PD, Aguilera JF, Threlfall EJ, O'Brien SJ, Sigmundsdóttir G, Wilson D, et al. A European outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive phage type 204b in 2000. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 9: 839- 45. 17. Reynisson E, Marteinsson VT, Georgsson F. Rannsókn á algengi Salmonella og Campylobacter í íslenskum kjúklingaafurðum á neytendamarkaði. Matís, Reykjavík 2013. 18. European Commission. Commission regulation concern- ing a Union target for the reduction of Salmonella enteri- tidis and Salmonella typhimurium in flocks of broilers, as provided for in Regultion (EC) No 2160/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council. In: Commission E, editor. Framkvæmdastjórn ESB, Brussel 2012. 19. Sjávarútvegs-/Landbúnaðarráðuneytið. Reglugerð um (3.) breytingu á reglugerð nr. 260/1980, um útbúnað alifuglasláturhúsa, slátrun alifugla, verkun þeirra og heil- brigðisskoðun. Sjávarútvegs-/Landbúnaðarráðuneytið, Reykjavík 2011. 20. Buchholz U, Bernard H, Werber D, Böhmer MM, Remschmidt C, Wilking H, et al. German outbreak of Escherichia coli O104:H4 associated with sprouts. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 1763-70. 21. Ong KL, Apostal M, Comstock N, Hurd S, Webb TH, Mickelson S, et al. Strategies for surveillance of pediatric hemolytic uremic syndrome: Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2000-2007. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54 Suppl 5: S424-31. 22. Gyles CL. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: an overview. J Animal Sci 2007; 85(13 Suppl): E45-62. 23. Pennington H. Escherichia coli O157. Lancet 2010; 376: 1428-35. 24. Friesema I, Sigmundsdottir G, van der Zwaluw K, Heuvelink A, Schimmer B, de Jager C, et al. An inter- national outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infection due to lettuce, September-October 2007. Euro Surveill 2008; 13. 25. Konradsson K, Arnthorsdottir Al, Olafsson Th. Rannsókn á E. coli og salmonellu í nautgripum á Íslandi. MAST, Selfossi 2011. 26. The dangers of hubris on human health. Global Risks 2013, Eighth Edition. World Economic Forum, 2013. 27. WHO. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveill- ance 2014. Alþjóðaheilbrigðisstofnunin, Genf 2014. 28. ECDC/EMEA. The bacterial challenge: time to react. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stokkhólmi 2009. 29. Simonsen GS, Småbrekke L, Monnet DL, Sørensen TL, Møller JK, Kristinsson KG, et al. Prevalence of resistance to ampicillin, gentamicin and vancomycin in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from clinical specimens and use of antimicrobials in five Nordic hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51: 323-31. 30. Sóttvarnalæknir. Sýklalyfjanotkun og sýklalyfjanæmi baktería í mönnum og dýrum á Íslandi 2013. Embætti landlæknis, Reykjavík 2014. 31. Control ECfDPa. Antimicrobial consumption rates by country. 2013. ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/antimic- robial_resistance/esac-net-database/ - nóvember 2013. 32. Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 18EU/EEA countries in 2010: European Medicines Agency, 2012. 33. Ecdc/Efsa/Ema. ECDC/EFSA/EMA first joint report on the integrated analysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bac- teria from humans and food-producing animals. EFSA J 2015; 13. 34. landspitali.is/sjuklingar-adstandendur/klinisk-svid-og- deildir/rannsoknarsvid/syklafraedideild/naemisprof/> - maí 2015. 35. Thorsteinsdottir TR, Kristinsson KG, Gunnarsson E. Antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution among Salmonella spp. in pigs and poultry in Iceland, 2001-2005. Microb Drug Resist 2007; 13: 295-300. 36. Thorsteinsdottir TR, Kristinsson KG, Fridriksdottir V, Gunnarsson E. Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolated from broiler flocks in Iceland 2001-2005. Microb Drug Resist 2008; 14: 49-53. 37. Hutchison ML, Walters LD, Moore A, Crookes KM, Avery SM. Effect of length of time before incorporation on survival of pathogenic bacteria present in livestock wastes applied to agricultural soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70: 5111-8. 38. Wellington EMH, Boxall AB, Cross P, Feil EJ, Gaze WH, Hawkey PM, et al. The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13: 155-65. 39. Woodford N, Wareham DW, Guerra B, Teale C. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and non- Enterobacteriaceae from animals and the environment: an emerging public health risk of our own making? J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69: 287-91. 40. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2011. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stokkhólmi 2012. 41. De Oliveira AP, Watts JL, Salmon SA, Aarestrup FM. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Europe and the United States. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83: 855-62. 42. Kuehn B. MRSA may move from livestock to humans. JAMA 2012; 308: 1726. 43. Köck R, Schaumburg F, Mellmann A, Köksal M, Jurke A, Becker K, et al. Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as causes of human infection and colonization in Germany. PloS one 2013; 8(2): e55040. 44. Harrison EM, Paterson GK, Holden MT, Larsen J, Stegger M, Larsen AR, et al. Whole genome sequencing identifies zoonotic transmission of MRSA isolates with the novel mecA homologue mecC. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5: 509-15. 45. van Cleef BA, Monnet DL, Voss A, Krziwanek K, Allerberger F, Struelens M, et al. Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in humans, Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17: 502-5. 46. van Rijen MML, Bosch T, Verkade EJM, Schouls L, Kluytmans JAJW. Livestock-Associated MRSA Carriage in Patients without Direct Contact with Livestock. PloS one 2014; 9: e100294. 47. Casey JA, Curriero FC, Cosgrove SE, Nachman KE, Schwartz BS. High-density livestock operations, crop field application of manure, and risk of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in Pennsylvania. JAMA 2013; 173: 1980-90. 48. Yong D, Toleman MA, Giske CG, et al. Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India. Antimicrob Ag Chemother 2009; 53: 5046- 54. Y F i R l i T S G R E i n

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