Læknablaðið - Dec 2019, Page 32

568 LÆKNAblaðið 2019/105
Y F I R L I T
1. Hreinsson JP, Kalaitzakis E, Gudmundsson S, Bjornsson
ES. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: incidence, etiology
and outcomes in a population-based setting. Scand J
Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 439-47.
2. Hreinsson JP, Gumundsson S, Kalaitzakis E, Björnsson
ES. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding: incidence, etiology,
and outcomes in a population-based setting. Eur J
Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25: 37-43.
3. Loperfido S, Baldo V, Piovesana E, Bellina L, Rossi K,
Groppo M, et al. Changing trends in acute upper-GI bleed-
ing: a population-based study. Gastrointest Endosc 2009;
70: 212-24.
4. Paspatis GA, Konstantinidis K, Chalkiadakis I, Tribonias
G, Chlouverakis G, Roussomoustakaki M. Changing
trends in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Crete,
Greece: a population-based study. Eur J Gastroenterol
Hepatol 2012; 24: 102-3.
5. Theocharis GJ, Thomopoulos KC, Sakellaropoulos G,
Katsakoulis E, Nikolopoulou V. Changing trends in
the epidemiology and clinical outcome of acute upper
gastrointestinal bleeding in a defined geographical area in
Greece. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42: 128-33.
6. Ahsberg K, Hoglund P, Kim WH, von Holstein CS. Impact
of aspirin, NSAIDs, warfarin, corticosteroids and SSRIs
on the site and outcome of non-variceal upper and lower
gastrointestinal bleeding. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:
1404-15.
7. Lanas A, Garcia-Rodriguez LA, Polo-Tomas M, Ponce M,
Alonso-Abreu I, Perez-Aisa MA, et al. Time trends and
impact of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding and
perforation in clinical practice. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;
104: 1633-41.
8. Longstreth GF. Epidemiology and outcome of patients
hospitalized with acute lower gastrointestinal hemorr-
hage: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;
92: 419-24.
9. Salomon JA, Wang H, Freeman MK, Vos T, Flaxman AD,
Lopez AD, et al. Healthy life expectancy for 187 countries,
1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden
Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380: 2144-62.
10. Arroja B, Cremers I, Ramos R, Cardoso C, Rego AC,
Caldeira A, et al. Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding
management in Portugal: a multicentric prospective
1-year survey. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 23: 317-
22.
11. Blatchford O, Davidson LA, Murray WR, Blatchford M,
Pell J. Acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in west
of Scotland: case ascertainment study. BMJ 1997; 315: 510-
4.
12. Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, Northfield TC. Incidence
of and mortality from acute upper gastrointestinal
haemorrhage in the United Kingdom. Steering Committee
and members of the National Audit of Acute Upper
Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage. BMJ 1995; 311: 222-6.
13. Makela JT, Kiviniemi H, Laitinen S, Kairaluoma MI.
Diagnosis and treatment of acute lower gastrointestinal
bleeding. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 28: 1062-6.
14. Raju GS, Gerson L, Das A, Lewis B, American
Gastroenterological A. American Gastroenterological
Association (AGA) Institute technical review on obscure
gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:
1697-717.
15. Ell C, May A. Mid-gastrointestinal bleeding: capsule
endoscopy and push-and-pull enteroscopy give rise to a
new medical term. Endoscopy 2006; 38: 73-5.
16. van Leerdam ME, Vreeburg EM, Rauws EA, Geraedts AA,
Tijssen JG, Reitsma JB, et al. Acute upper GI bleeding: did
anything change? Time trend analysis of incidence and
outcome of acute upper GI bleeding between 1993/1994
and 2000. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 1494-9.
17. Olafsson G, Hreinsson J, Björnsson E. Incidence of
diverticular bleeding: a population-based study. Scand J
Gastroenterol 2019: 54: 205-9.
18. Hreinsson JP, Palsdottir S, Bjornsson ES. The Association
of Drugs With Severity and Specific Causes of Acute
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Prospective Study. J
Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50: 408-13.
19. Gayer C, Chino A, Lucas C, Tokioka S, Yamasaki T,
Edelman DA, et al. Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding
in 1,112 patients admitted to an urban emergency medical
center. Surgery 2009; 146: 600-6; discussion 6-7.
20. Carson JL, Strom BL, Soper KA, West SL, Morse ML. The
association of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with
upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Arch Intern Med
1987; 147: 85-8.
21. Gabriel SE, Jaakkimainen L, Bombardier C. Risk for
Serious Gastrointestinal Complications Related to Use of
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs - a Metaanalysis.
Ann Int Med 1991; 115: 787-96.
22. Hernandez-Diaz S, Rodriguez LAG. Association between
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper
gastrointestinal tract bleeding/perforation - An overview
of epidemiologic studies published in the 1990s. Arch Int
Med 2000; 160: 2093-9.
23. Sostres C, Gargallo CJ, Arroyo MT, Lanas A. Adverse
effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs,
aspirin and coxibs) on upper gastrointestinal tract. Best
Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 24: 121-32.
24. Bjarnason I. Gastrointestinal safety of NSAIDs and over-
the-counter analgesics. Int J Clin Pract 2013; 67: 37-42.
25. Flower RJ. The development of COX2 inhibitors. Nat Rev
Drug Discov 2003; 2: 179-91.
26. Lanas A, Sekar MC, Hirschowitz BI. Objective Evidence of
Aspirin Use in Both Ulcer and Nonulcer Upper and Lower
Gastrointestinal-Bleeding. Gastroenterol 1992; 103: 862-9.
27. Langman MJS, Morgan L, Worrall A. Use of anti-in-
flammatory drugs by patients admitted with small or
large bowel perforations and hemorrhage. BMJ (Clin Res
Ed) 1985; 290: 347-9.
28. Holt S, Rigoglioso V, Sidhu M, Irshad M, Howden CW,
Mainero M. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and
lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 1619-
23.
29. Wilcox CM, Alexander LN, Cotsonis GA, Clark WS.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are associated with
both upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Dig Dis
Sci 1997; 42: 990-7.
30. Chang CH, Lin JW, Chen HC, Kuo CW, Shau WY, Lai MS.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of lower
gastrointestinal adverse events: a nationwide study in
Taiwan. Gut 2011; 60: 1372-8.
31. Yuan J, Yang M, Threapleton D, Qi X, Ye D, Mao C, et al.
Systematic review with meta-analysis: the gastrointestinal
benefits of COX-2 selective inhibitors with concomitant
use of low-dose aspirin. Aliment Pharm Therap 2016; 44:
785-95.
32. Lanas A, García-Rodríguez L-A, Arroyo M-T, Gomollón
F, Feu F, González-Pérez A, et al. Risk of upper
gastrointestinal ulcer bleeding associated with selecti-
ve cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, traditional non-aspirin
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin and comb-
inations. Gut 2006; 55: 1731-8.
33. Loll PJ, Picot D, Garavito RM. The Structural Basis of
Aspirin Activity Inferred from the Crystal-Structure of
Inactivated Prostaglandin H-2 Synthase. Nat Struct Biol
1995; 2: 637-43.
34. Hallas J, Dall M, Andries A, Andersen BS, Aalykke
C, Hansen JM, et al. Use of single and combined
antithrombotic therapy and risk of serious upper
gastrointestinal bleeding: population based case-control
study. BMJ 2006; 333: 726.
35. Garcia Rodriguez LA, Lin KJ, Hernandez-Diaz S,
Johansson S. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with
low-dose acetylsalicylic acid alone and in combination
with clopidogrel and other medications. Circulation 2011;
123: 1108-15.
36. Sorensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Blot WJ, Nielsen GL,
Steffensen FH, McLaughlin JK, et al. Risk of upper
gastrointestinal bleeding associated with use of low-dose
aspirin. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 2218-24.
37. Huang ES, Strate LL, Ho WW, Lee SS, Chan AT. A
Prospective Study of Aspirin Use and the Risk of
Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Men. PloS one 2010; 5: e15721.
38. Huang ES, Strate LL, Ho WW, Lee SS, Chan AT. Long-
Term Use of Aspirin and the Risk of Gastrointestinal
Bleeding. Am J Med 2011; 124: 426-33.
39. Hurlen M, Abdelnoor M, Smith P, Erikssen J, Arnesen H.
Warfarin, aspirin, or both after myocardial infarction. N
Engl J Med 2002; 347: 969-74.
40. Delaney JA, Opatrny L, Brophy JM, Suissa S. Drug-drug
interactions between antithrombotic medications and the
risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Can Med Assoc J 2007;
177: 347-51.
41. Tran HA, Chunilal SD, Harper PL, Tran H, Wood EM,
Gallus AS. An update of consensus guidelines for warfarin
reversal. Med J Aust 2013; 198: 198-9.
42. Miller CS, Dorreen A, Martel M, Huynh T, Barkun AN.
Risk of Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients Taking Non–
Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants: A Systematic
Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol H 2017; 15:
1674-83. e3.
43. Scridon A, Serban RC. Laboratory monitoring: a turning
point in the use of new oral anticoagulants. Therap Drug
Monitoring 2016; 38: 12-21.
44. Cuker A, Burnett A, Triller D, Crowther M, Ansell J, Van
Cott EM, et al. Reversal of direct oral anticoagulants:
Guidance from the Anticoagulation Forum. Am J Hematol
2019; 94: 697-709.
45. Bai Y, Shi X-B, Ma C-S, Lip GY. Meta-analysis of
effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulants in atrial
fibrillation with focus on apixaban. Am J Cardiol 2017;
120: 1689-95.
46. Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the
stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration.
Lancet 1984; 1: 1311-5.
47. Megraud F. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori: faecal-
-oral versus oral-oral route. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995;
9 Suppl 2: 85-91.
48. Asgeirsdottir G, Kjartansdottir I, Olafsdottir A, Hreinsson
J, Hrafnkelsson H, Johannsson E, et al. Helicobacter pylori
infection in Icelandic children. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017;
52: 686-90.
49. Sung JJ, Chiu PW, Chan FK, Lau JY, Goh K-l, Ho LH, et
al. Asia-Pacific working group consensus on non-variceal
upper gastrointestinal bleeding: an update 2018. Gut 2018;
67: 1757-68.
50. Strate LL, Gralnek IM. ACG clinical guideline:
management of patients with acute lower gastrointestinal
bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111: 459.
51. Stanley AJ, Laine L, Dalton HR, Ngu JH, Schultz M,
Abazi R, et al. Comparison of risk scoring systems for
patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding:
international multicentre prospective study. BMJ 2017;
356: i6432.
52. Hreinsson JP, Sigurdardottir R, Lund SH, Bjornsson ES.
The SHA2PE score: a new score for lower gastrointestinal
bleeding that predicts low-risk of hospital-based inter-
vention. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018; 53: 1484-9.
53. Oakland K, Jairath V, Uberoi R, Guy R, Ayaru L, Mortensen
N, et al. Derivation and validation of a novel risk score for
safe discharge after acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding:
a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2:
635-43.
54. Sung JJ, Barkun A, Kuipers EJ, Mössner J, Jensen DM,
Stuart R, et al. Intravenous esomeprazole for prevention
of recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding: a randomized trial. Ann
Intern Med 2009; 150: 455-64.
55. Leontiadis GI, Sharma VK, Howden CW. Proton pump
inhibitor therapy for peptic ulcer bleeding: Cochrane
collaboration meta-analysis of randomized controlled
trials. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2007; 82: 286-96.
56. Barkun AN, Bardou M, Kuipers EJ, Sung J, Hunt RH,
Martel M, et al. International consensus recommendations
on the management of patients with nonvariceal upper
gastrointestinal bleeding. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 101-
13.
57. Gralnek IM, Dumonceau J-M, Kuipers EJ, Lanas A,
Sanders DS, Kurien M, et al. Diagnosis and management
of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage:
European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE)
Guideline. Endoscopy 2015; 47: a1-46.
58. Rodriguez EA, Donath E, Waljee AK, Sussman DA. Value
of Oral Proton Pump Inhibitors in Acute, Nonvariceal
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Network Meta-
Analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 51: 707-19.
59. Freston J, Pilmer B, Chiu YL, Wang Q, Stolle J, Griffin
J, et al. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of intravenous lansoprazole. Aliment
Pharm Therap 2004; 19: 1111-22.
60. Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, Patch D, Millson C,
Mehrzad H, et al. UK guidelines on the management of
variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut 2015; 64:
1680-704.
61. Ioannou GN, Doust J, Rockey DC. Terlipressin for acute
esophageal variceal hemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev 2003: CD002147.
Heimildir