Skógræktarritið - 15.05.2001, Qupperneq 99

Skógræktarritið - 15.05.2001, Qupperneq 99
SKÓGRÆKT HANDAN SKÓGARMARKA/ NSSE ALISON |. HESTER Grazing Management and Forest Regeneration in Marginal Areas SAMANTEKT Fjallað er um helstu atriði er varða beitarstjórnun og endurheimt skóga á jaðarsvæðum, þ.e. þar sem óblítt veðurfar og ófrjór jarðvegur takmarka landnýtingarmöguleika. Stór hluti Skotlands fellur undir þessa skilgreiningu, en þau atriði sem hér er fjallað um eiga einnig við í öðrum löndum við Norður-Atlantshaf. Beit, bruni og skógarhögg yfir langan tíma hafa mjög rýrt náttúrlega skógarþekju Skotlands, sem er nú innan við 10% af mögulegri þekju, og áframhaldandi hindrun á endurnýjun skóga af völdum beitar sauðfjár og dádýra veldur áhyggj- um um framtíð náttúrlegra skógarleifa. Skref hafa verið stigin undan- farin ártil að hamla gegn þessari þróun og stuðla að nýskógrækt, en í þeim felst yfirleitt að girða grasbítana frá. Hins vegar er spurning hvort ekki megi stuðla að endurnýjun skóglendis án þess að girða, t.d. með því að hafa stjórn á fjölda grasbíta eða að stjórna beit þeirra á annan hátt. Fáar rannsóknir liggja fyrir hvað þetta varðar en vísbendingar eru um að í Skotlandi gætu tiltölulega beitarþolnar tegundir, s.s. birki, fjölgað sér ef þéttleiki sauðfjár er innan við 50 kindur/km2 (I kind á hverja 2 ha lands) og þéttleiki dádýra er innan við 5 dýr/km2. í grein- inni er farið yfir helstu rannsóknaþarfir, s.s. varðandi þekkingu á flakki og fæðuvali grasbíta og beitarþoli mismunandi trjátegunda. Loks er fjallað um hvernig nota megi rannsóknaniðurstöður við ákvarðanatöku um landnýtingu til að ná settum markmiðum. Mikil rannsóknaþörf er enn fyrir hendi en sérstaklega er þörf á að samræma niðurstöður frá mismunandi rannsóknasviðum. Summary This paper considers some of the main issues affecting grazing management and forest regener- ation in what have been termed 'marginal areas', i.e. where land use options are limited by the harshness of climate and soils. Much of Scotland, which forms the focus of this paper, falls into this category, but the issues which are discussed here have parallels in many other North Atlantic countries. Many years of grazing, burning and wood cut- ting have severely depleted Scotland’s natural forest cover to less than 10% of its potential area, and the continuing wide- spread suppression of tree re- generation, particularly by sheep and deer, has led to increasing concern about the future of the remaining natural forest areas. Thus in recent years steps have been taken to redress this bal- ance by actively encouraging new native forest development. Man- agement needs to achieve this aim are discussed in this paper, together with the key research issues involved in designing appropriate management op- tions for forest regeneration under different conditions. I con- clude by discussing how we can best integrate complex research findings into accessible and practical advisory tools for land managers, exploring where we currently are in relation to this aim. Introduction ln 'marginal' areas, such as the Scottish uplands, natural and commercial forests together pro- vide many benefits, contributing to the environment and the economy through a range of out- puts such as timber, shelter, amenity, landscape and conser- vation. ln Scotland, the commer- cial forests are normally fenced to exclude herbivores so that the trees can grow fast and with good form. However, most natur- al forests are unfenced and thus open to any herbivores. There- fore this paper focuses on natur- al forests, where grazing manage- ment is a major issue. In the British uplands, exten- sive grazing, particuiarly by sheep, has traditionally been one of the main land uses. The in- come from sheep (and the grants they attract) has for many years SKÓGRÆKTARRITIÐ 2001 l.tbl. 97
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