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Læknablaðið - 15.03.2007, Qupperneq 34

Læknablaðið - 15.03.2007, Qupperneq 34
YFIRLITSGREIN / NÝRNASJÚKDÓMAR mæli en áður. Líklegt er að meðferð sem miðar að því að draga úr framrás langvinns nýrnasjúkdóms verði hafin fyrr og meðhöndlun fylgikvilla verði markvissari. Pað er ekki síst vegna stóraukinnar áhættu á hjarta- og æðasjúkdómum sem meta ætti albúmín- eða próteinmigu og GSH, í raun ekki síður en blóðfitu eða blóðþrýsting. Forsenda þess að framangreind nálgun nýtist sem best er að læknar kynni sér vel nýjar skilgreiningar og ráðlagðar rannsóknir og meðferð við mismunandi stigum langvinns nýrnasjúkdóms. Gæti það gert heimilislæknum kleift að taka meiri þátt í meðferð slíkra sjúklinga sem hingað til hafa mestmegnis verið í umsjón nýrnalækna. Hjá einstaklingum í aukinni hættu á að fá langvinnan nýrnasjúkdóm, til dæmis sjúklingum með háþrýsting eða sykursýki, ætti reglubundið að mæla kreatínín í sermi og gera þvagrannsókn. Hjá þeim sem greinast með langvinnan nýrna- sjúkdóm er mikilvægt að greina undirliggjandi sjúkdóm og meðhöndla hann ef kostur er. Pær rannsóknir sem ráðlagt er að framkvæma eru þvagrannsókn (strimilpróf og smásjárskoðun), ómskoðun á nýrum, rafdráttur próteina í sermi og þvagi, og mæling þvagleifar í blöðru eftir þvaglát í völdum tilfellum. Frekari rannsóknir ráðast svo af niðurstöðum framangreindra rannsókna. Við greiningu er einnig rétt að hefja svokallaða nýrnaverndandi meðferð með angíótensínum- myndunarensímshemli og/eða angíótensín II-við- tækisblokka sem og meðferð annarra áhættuþátta hjarta- og æðasjúkdóma. Er GSH fellur undir 60 ml/mín./l,73 m2 þarf að auki að hyggja að tilkomu fylgikvilla skertrar nýrnastarfsemi og meðhöndla þá, og þegar GSH fer niður fyrir 30 ml/mín./l,73 m2 þarf oft að skerpa á þeirri meðferð. Ráðlegt er að senda sjúkling til nýrnalæknis á þessu stigi því nauðsynlegt er að hann fái kynningu á meðferð lokastigsnýrnabilunar og að undirbúningur henn- ar sé hafinn tímanlega (36,37). Heimildir 1. Fried LF, Katz R, Sarnak MJ, Shlipak MG, Chaves PH, Jenny NS, et al. Kidney function as a predictor of noncardiovascular mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:3728-35. 2. Anonymous.ERA-EDTA Registry2004AnnualReport.ERA- EDTA Registry. Amsterdam, TTie Netherlands: Academic Medical Center, Department of Medical Informatics, 2006. 3. Anonymous. U.S. Renal Data System, USRDS 2003 Annual Data Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2003. 4. Grassmann A, Gioberge S, Moeller S, Brown G. ESRD patients in 2004: global overview of patient numbers, treatment modalities and associated trends. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20:2587-93. 5. Perrone RD, Madias NE, Levey AS. Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old concepts. Clin Chem 1992; 38:1933-53. 6. Myers GL, Miller WG, Coresh J, Fleming J, Greenberg N, Greene T, et al. Recommendations for improving serum creatinine measurement: a report from the Laboratory Working Group of the National Kidney Disease Education Program. Clin Chem 2006; 52:5-18. 7. Anonymus. K/DOQI Clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39 Suppl 1:S1-S246. 8. Coresh J, Toto RD, Kirk KA, Whelton PK, Massry S, Jones C, et al. Creatinine clearance as a measure of GFR in screenees for the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension pilot study. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32:32-42. 9. Counahan R, Chantler C, Ghazali S, Kirkwood B, Rose F, Barratt TM. Estimation of glomerular filtration rate from plasma creatinine concentration in children. Arch Dis Child 1976;51:875-8. 10. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976; 16:31-41. 11. Manjunath G, Sarnak MJ, Levey AS. Prediction equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate: an update. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2001; 10:785-92. 12. Schwartz GJ, Brion LP, Spitzer A.The use of plasma creatinine concentration for estimating glomerular filtration rate in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am 1987; 34:571-90. 13. Stromme JH, Rustad P, Steensland H, Theodorsen L, Urdal P. Reference intervals for eight enzymes in blood of adult females and males measured in accordance with the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry reference system at 37 degrees C: part of the Nordic Reference Interval Project. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2004; 64:371-84. 14. Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, Stevens LA, Zhang YL, Hendriksen S, et al. Using standardized serum creatinine values in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145:247-54. 15. Newman DJ, Thakkar H, Edwards RG, Wilkie M, White T, Grubb AO, et al. Serum cystatin C measured by automated immunoassay: a more sensitive marker of changes in GFR than serum creatinine. Kidney Int 1995; 47:312-8. 16. Grubb A, Nyman U, Bjork J, Lindstrom V, Rippe B, Sterner G, et al. Simple cystatin C-based prediction equations for glomerular filtration rate compared with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease prediction equation for adults and the Schwartz and the Counahan-Barratt prediction equations for children. Clin Chem 2005; 51:1420-31. 17. Magnason RL, Indriðason OS, Sigvaldason H, Sigfússon N, Pálsson R. Prevalence and progression of CRF in Iceland: a population-based study. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40:955-63. 18. Iseki K, Ikemiya Y, Fukiyama K. Risk factors of end-stage renal disease and serum creatinine in a community-based mass screening. Kidney Int 1997; 51:850-4. 19. Culleton BF, Larson MG, Evans JC, Wilson PW, Barrett BJ, Parfrey PS, et al. Prevalence and correlates of elevated serum creatinine levels: the Framingham Heart Study. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:1785-90. 20. Jones CA, McQuiIlan GM, Kusek JW, Eberhardt MS, Herman WH, Coresh J, et al. Serum creatinine levels in the US population:Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32:992-9. 21. Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknoyan G, Levey AS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41: 1-12. 22. Viktorsdóttir O, Pálsson R, Andrésdóttir MB, Aspelund T, Guðnason V, Indriðason OS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease based on estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria in Icelandic adults. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20:1799-807. 23. Chadban SJ, Briganti EM, Kerr PG, Dunstan DW, Welborn TA, Zimmet PZ, et al. Prevalence of kidney damage in Australian adults:The AusDiab kidney study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: S131-8. 24. Hallan SI, Coresh J, Astor BC, Asberg A, Powe NR. Romundstad S, et al. International comparison of the relationship of chronic kidney disease prevalence and ESRD risk. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:2275-84. 25. Clase CM, Garg AX, Kiberd BA. Prevalence of low glomerular filtration rate in nondiabetic Americans: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:1338-49. 26. Epstein M. Aging and the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 1106-22. 27. Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH, Landa M, Maschio G, de Jong PE, et al. Progression of chronic kidney disease: the role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and angiotensin- 206 Læknablaðið 2007/93
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