Læknablaðið - 01.05.2014, Qupperneq 18

278 LÆKNAblaðið 2014/100
Y F I R L I T
Heimildir
1. Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Giles MF, Howard SC, Silver LE,
Bull LM, et al. Oxford Vascular Study. Change in stroke
incidence, mortality, case-fatality, severity, and risk factors
in Oxfordshire, UK from 1981 to 2004 (Oxford Vascular
Study). Lancet 2004; 363: 1925-33.
2. Carandang R, Seshadri S, Beiser A, Kelly-Hayes M, Kase
CS, Kannel WB, et al. Trends in incidence, lifetime risk,
severity, and 30-day mortality of stroke over the past 50
years. JAMA 2006; 296: 2939-46.
3. Smith SCJ, Zheng ZJ. The impending cardiovascular pan-
demic in China. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes 2010; 3:
226-7.
4. Feigin V, Lawes CMM, Bennett DA, Anderson CS. Stroke
epidemiology: a review of populationbased studies of
incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th
century. Lancet Neurology 2003; 2: 43-53.
5. World Health Organization MONICA Project Principal
Investigators. The World Health Organization MONICA
Project (monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovas-
cular disease). J Clin Epidemiol 1988; 41:105-14.
6. Easton JD, Saver JL, Alberts GW, Alberts MJ, Chatuverdi
S, Feldmann E, et al. Definition and evaluation of tran-
sient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare
professionals from the American Heart Association/
American Stroke Association. Stroke 2009; 40: 2276-93.
7. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - Update, published by
the American Heart Association. http://www.strokecen-
ter.org/patients/stats.htm - október 2013.
8. Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, Howard VJ, Rumsfeld J,
Zheng ZJ, et al: AHA Statistical Update. Heart disease and
stroke statistics - 2006 update. Circulation 2006; 113: e85-
e151.
9. Hilmarsson A, Kjartansson O, Olafsson E. Incidence of
first stroke. A population study in Iceland. Stroke 2013; 44:
1714-5.
10. Wityk RJ, Lehman D, Klag M, Coresh J, Ahn H, Litt B. Race
and sex differences in the distribution of cerebral athero-
sclerosis. Stroke 1996; 27: 1974-80.
11. Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S. Residual lifetime risk for
developing hypertension in middle-aged women and
men: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA 2002; 287:
1003-10.
12. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P,
Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis
of worldwide data. Lancet 2005; 365: 217-23.
13. MacMahon S, Rodgers A. Primary and secondary preven-
tion of stroke. Clin Exp Hypertens 1996; 18: 537-46.
14. PROGRESS Collaborative Group: Randomised trial of
a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen
among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient
ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001; 358: 1033-41.
15. Air EL, Kissela BM. Diabetes, the metabolic syndrome,
and ischemic stroke: Epidemiology and possible mecha-
nisms. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 3131-40.
16. Hier DB, Foulkes MA, Swiontoniowski M, Sacco RL,
Gorelick PB, Mohr JP et al. Stroke recurrence within 2
years after ischemic infarction. Stroke 1991; 22: 155-61.
17. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Pathak P, Gerstein HC.
Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondia-
betic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview. Stroke
2001; 32: 2426-32.
18. Shinton R, Beevers G. Meta-analysis of relation between
cigarette smoking and stroke. BMJ 1989; 298: 789-94.
19. Bhat VM, Cole JW, Sorkin JD, Wozniak MA, Malarcher
AM, Giles WH, et al. Dose–response relationship between
cigarette smoking and risk of ischemic stroke in young
women. Stroke 2008; 39: 2439-43.
20. Lee PN, Forey BA. Environmental tobacco smoke expo-
sure and risk of stroke in nonsmokers: a review with meta-
analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2006; 15: 190-201.
21. Fagerstrom K. The epidemiology of smoking: health con-
sequences and benefits of cessation. Drugs 2002; 62(Suppl
2): 1-9.
22. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group, 1999.
Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group:
Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444
patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian
Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1999; 344: 1383-9.
23. Briel M, Studer M, Glass TR, Bucher HC. Effects of
statins on stroke prevention in patients with and without
coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of randomized
controlled trials. Am J Med 2004; 117: 596-606.
24. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT Collaborators:
Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: pro-
spective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in
14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005; 366: 1267-78.
25. O’Regan C, Wu P, Arora P. Statin therapy in stroke preven-
tion: A meta-analysis involving 121,000 patients. Am J
Med 2008; 121: 24-33.
26. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, Holland LE, Reith
C, Bhala N, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive
lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from
170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010;
376: 1670-81.
27. Hu G, Tuomilehto J, Silventoinen K, Sarti C, Männistö S,
Jousilahti P. Body mass index, waist circumference, and
waist-hip ratio on the risk of total and type-specific stroke.
Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1420-7.
28. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL.
Prevalence and trends in obesity among us adults, 1999–
2000. JAMA 2002; 288: 1723-7.
29. Suk S-H, Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B. Abdominal obe-
sity and risk of ischemic stroke: The Northern Manhattan
Stroke Study. Stroke 2003; 34:1586-92.
30. Lee CD, Folsom AR, Blair SN. Physical activity and stroke
risk: A meta-analysis. Stroke 2003; 34: 2475-81.
31. Sacco RL, Gan R, Boden-Albala B. Leisure-time physical
activity and ischemic stroke risk: The Northern Manhattan
Stroke Study. Stroke 1998; 29: 380-7.
32. Carnethon MR. Physical activity and cardiovascular dis-
ease: how much is enough? Am J Lifestyle Med 2009; 3(1
Suppl.): 44S-49S.
33. Elkind MS, Sciacca R, Boden-Albala B. Moderate alco-
hol consumption reduces risk of ischemic stroke: The
Northern Manhattan Study. Stroke 2006; 37: 13-9.
34. Bazzano LA, Gu D, Reynolds K. Alcohol consumption and
risk for stroke among Chinese men. Ann Neurol 2007; 62:
569-78.
35. Klatsky AL. Alcohol and cardiovascular health. Physiol
Behav 2010; 100: 76-81.
36. He FJ, Nowson CA, MacGregor GA. Fruit and vegetable
consumption and stroke: meta-analysis of cohort studies.
Lancet 2006; 367: 320-6.
37. Levine SR, Brust JC, Futrell N. Cerebrovascular complica-
tions of the use of the “crack” form of alkaloidal cocaine.
N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 699-704.
38. Sloan MA, Marc F. Illicit Drug Use/Abuse and Stroke.
Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier, Philadelphia
2008: 823-40.
39. Neiman J, Haapaniemi HM, Hillbom M. Neurological
complications of drug abuse: Pathophysiological mecha-
nisms. Eur J Neurol 2000; 7: 595-606.
40. Kurth T, Chabriat H, Bousser MG. Donaghy M, Chang
CL, Poulter N. Migraine and stroke: a complex association
with clinical implications.Lancet Neurol 2012; 11: 92-100.
41. Chang CL, Donaghy M, Poulter N. Migraine and stroke
in young women: case-control study. The World Health
Organisation Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular
Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. BMJ 1999;
318: 13-8.
42. Homocysteine Studies Collaboration. Homocysteine and
risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis.
JAMA 2002; 288: 2015-22.
43. VITATOPS Trial Study Group. B vitamins in patients
with recent transient ischaemic attack or stroke in the
VITAmins TO Prevent Stroke (VITATOPS) trial: a ran-
domised, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trial.
Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 855-65.
44. Van der Kooy K, van Hout H, Marwijk H, Marten H,
Stehouwer C, Beekman A. Depression and the risk for
cardiovascular diseases: systematic review and meta
analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 22: 613-26.
45. Pan A, Sun Q, Okereke OI, Rexrode KM, Hu FB.
Depression and risk of stroke morbidity and mortality:
a meta-analysis and systematic review. JAMA 2011; 306;
1241-9.
46. Tsutsumi A, Kayaba K, Kario K, Ishikawa S. Prospective
study on occupational stress and risk of stroke. Arch
Intern Med 2009; 169: 56-61.
47. Surtees PG, Wainwright NW, Luben RN, Wareham NJ,
Bingham SA, Khaw KT. Psychological distress, major
depressive disorder, and risk of stroke. Neurology 2008;
70: 788-94.
48. Jood K, Redfors P, Rosengren A, Blomstrand C, Jern C.
Self-perceived psychological stress and ischemic stroke: a
case–control study. BMC Med 2009; 7: 53.
49. Chiuve SE, Rexrode KM, Spiegelman D, Logroscino G,
Manson JE, Rimm EB. Primary prevention of stroke by
healthy lifestyle. Circulation 2008; 118: 947-54.
50. O’Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-
Melacini P, et al. INTERSTROKE investigators. Risk fac-
tors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke
in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control
study. Lancet 2010; 376: 112-23.
51. Fisher M, Ratan R. New perspectives on developing acute
stroke therapy. Ann Neurol 2003; 53: 10-20.
52. Choi DW. Ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis. Curr
Opin Neurobiol 1996; 6: 667-72.
53. Johnston SC, Gress DR, Browner WS, Sidney S. Short-term
prognosis after emergency department diagnosis of TIA.
JAMA 2000; 284: 2901-6.
54. TOAST Investigators : Low molecular weight heparinoid,
ORG 10172 (danaparoid) and outcome after ischemic
stroke. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 279:
1265-72.
55. Biller J, Love BB, Schneck MJ. Ischemic cerebrovascular
disease. In: Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, Mazziotta
JC, eds. Bradley‘s Neurology in Clinical Practice. 5rd ed.
Elsevier, Philadelphia 2008: 1165-224.
56. Ischaemic stroke subtypes and associated risk factors:
a French population based study. J Neurol Neurosurg
Psychiatry 2008; 79: 1344-8.
57. Saposnik G, Caplan LR, Gonzalez LA, Baird A, Dashe J,
Luraschi A, et al. Differences in stroke subtypes among
natives and caucasians in Boston and Buenos Aires. Stroke
2000; 31: 2385-9.
58. Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Weber M, Gefeller O, Neundoerfer
B, Heuschmann PU. Epidemiology of ischemic stroke
subtypes according to TOAST criteria: incidence, recur-
rence, and long-term survival in ischemic stroke subtypes:
a population-based study. Stroke 2001; 32: 2735-40.
59. Petty GW, Brown RD, Wishnant JP, Sicks JD, O’Fallon
WM, Wiebers DO. Ischemic stroke subtypes: a population-
based study of incidence and risk factors. Stroke 1999; 30:
2513-6.
60. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ. Primary prevention
of ischemic stroke: A guideline from the American Heart
Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council.
Stroke 2006; 37: 1583-633.
61. Olesen JB, Lip GY, Hansen ML, Hansen PR, Tolstrup
JS, Lindhardsen J, et al. Validation of risk stratification
schemes for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in
patients with atrial fibrillation: nationwide cohort study.
BMJ 2011; 342: d124.
62. Sveinsson ÓÁ, Kjartansson Ó, Valdimarsson EM. Flysjun
í slagæðum á hálsi - yfirlitsgrein. Læknablaðið 2011; 97:
237-43.
63. Ntaios G, Papavasileiou V, Makaritsis K, Michel P. PFO
closure vs. medical therapy in cryptogenic stroke or
transient ischemic attack: A systematic review and meta-
analysis. Int J Cardiol 2013; 169: 101-5.
64. Meier B, Kalesan B, Mattle HP, Khattab AA, Hildick-Smith
D, Dudek D, et al. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen
ovale in cryptogenic embolism. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:
1083-91.