Skógræktarritið - 15.05.2001, Page 207

Skógræktarritið - 15.05.2001, Page 207
SKÓGRÆKT HANDAN SKÓGARMARKA/ NSSE ÞRÖSTUR EYSTEINSSON Environmental impact assessment of afforestation in Iceland SAMANTEKT I nýlegum lögum um mat á umhverfisáhrifum kemur fram að skógrækt á yfir 200 ha svæði eða á verndarsvæðum kunni að vera háð mati. En er ástæða tii að hafa áhyggjur af áhrifum skógræktar á umhverfið og mun mat á umhverfisáhrifum leiða til breytinga á skógræktaraðferð- um? Umhverfisáhrif skógræktar má flokka í áhrif á fólk, samfélag og menningu annars vegar og áhrif á náttúrufarsþætti hins vegar. Einnig má flokka áhrifin eftir skala, þ.e. áhrif innan einstakra skógarreita, á landslagsvísu, á landsvísu og á heimsvísu. Áhrif skógræktar á fólk og samfélag eru yfirleitt jákvæð, það sem þarf helst að hafa gát á er að skemma ekki fornleifar. Áhrif skógræktar á náttúrufar geta verið tals- verð á minnsta skalanum en eru mun minni á landslagsvísu, hvað þá á landsvísu. Það sem flestir benda á er að skógrækt breytir ásýnd lands, sem hún vissulega gerir, en það er háð smekk hvers og eins hvort sú breyting sé talin jákvæð eða neikvæð. Skógrækt breytir aðstæðum fyrir lífverur sem búa á þeim blettum þar sem skógur verður ræktaður og er því mikilvægt að rækta ekki skóg á fundarstöðum sjaldgæfra líf- verutegunda. Hins vegar er skógrækt nær alfarið stunduð á algengustu landgerðum og því er þessi hætta lítil. Þegar upp erstaðið munu skrif- ræðistæki eins og mat á umhverfisáhrifum, leyfisveitingar, válistar og skógræktaráætlanir ekki koma í veg fyrir þau slys sem kunna að verða. Skógræktandanum sjálfum verður að treysta til þess. Introduction Environmental impact assess- ment (EIA) has the combined goals of informing and involving the public in decision making and mitigating negative affects to the environment of the project in question, be it a hydroelectric power plant or afforestation of a small plot of land. The "public" in this case does not include every- body. Besides local government and official agencies or institu- tions, who may be required by law to express an opinion, the only members of the public who do are individuals or NGOs who for some reason are against the proposed project. People who are in favor of something assent through their silence. EIA legislation therefore empowers the gainsayers, which is necessary since otherwise only those implimenting the project, such as government or industry, are empowered. Unfortunately, with empowerment comes the opportunity to abuse power and people who for personal reasons are against something (or some- one) can abuse EIA legislation to hinder a project or at least make it more expensive. There is however only one valid reason for calling for environmental impact assess- ment; concern for the environ- ment. In the EIA Act passed by the Icelandic parliament in spring 2000, 200 ha is set as the area limit above which planned afforestation might require an EIA. Some institutions would have liked this limit to be consid- erably lower for a variety of rea- sons, someofwhich had nothing to do with concern for the envi- ronment. Some people, however, are doubtless genuinely con- cerned about the effects increased afforestation might have. So what are these effects that increased afforestation might have on the environment in lceland and is there reason for concern? Effects on what? Environmental effects can be classified into effects on humans and their culture (society, indi- viduals, archaeology, etc.) and effects on nature (biota, biodiver- sity, soil, water, etc.). They can also be classified according to scale (site level (x), landscape level (P), regional/country level (y) and global level). Scale is very important since the effects of afforestation on the SKÓGRÆKTARRITIÐ 2001 I.tbl. 205
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