Jökull


Jökull - 01.01.2005, Page 15

Jökull - 01.01.2005, Page 15
Global Warming: Take Action or Wait? posed. Storage in either basalt or saline aquifers (or in periclase) has the advantage that it does not involve use of the global commons. Rather, these disposal sites are, for the most part, subject to the jurisdiction of single nations. While there is no doubt in my mind that CO2 cap- ture and storage hold the key to any plan designed to stem the rise in atmospheric CO2 content, an enor- mous amount of effort will be required before this strategy can be implemented on a wide scale. Coal gasification plants equipped with devices for CO2 capture must be built and tested; so also will units for air capture. Storage evaluations will have to be con- ducted to insure that leakage back to the atmosphere is minimal, and that no chance for violent release exists. In addition, a method must be worked out by which payments by the energy user are smoothly transferred to the companies which capture and bury CO2. Finally, fossil fuel CO2-emission allocations among the world’s nations will have to be agreed upon and a means created to monitor and enforce compli- ance once they are in place. It doesn’t take much imagination to see that of the three tasks, the last will be by far the most difficult. How will CO2 produc- tion in the past be ranked against future production? What fraction of the disposal costs should be borne by the economically developed countries? How can countries that balk at signing on be brought into the fold? CONCLUSIONS It is my firm belief that the answer to the question raised in the title of this paper is that action on global warming cannot delayed. The Earth’s climate sys- tem has demonstrated its ability to overreact to small nudges. We are poised to give it a sizable push. Prudence demands that we create the wherewithal to cap the rise in CO2 at a value not exceeding dou- ble the pre-industrial concentration. While we must do everything possible to conserve energy and to em- ploy renewable energy, these actions alone will not be enough. The availability of cheap coal and the de- sire by developing countries for more energy virtually guarantees that, despite our best efforts, CO2 produc- tion will continue to rise. If we are to succeed in cap- ping the rise, we will need to supplement conservation and renewables with CO2 capture and burial. ÁGRIP Wallace S. Broecker, einn fremsti vísindamaður heims í rannsóknum á umhverfis- og loftslagsbreyt- ingum jarðarinnar, fjallar hér um það hvernig meta megi áhrif koltvíoxíðs í andrúmsloftinu og hvernig mannkyn geti tekist á við hlýnun loftslags af völdum gróðurhúsaáhrifa. Glíman við loftslagsbreytingarnar Skiptar skoðanir eru á því hvernig bregðast skuli við aukningu koltvíoxíðs í andrúmslofti. Sumir leggja til að ekki verði gripið til kostnaðarsamra aðgerða fyrr en loftslag hafi klárlega hlýnað. Aðrir halda því fram að styrkur koltvíoxíðs muni líklega verða óbærilegur í framtíðinni þó að strax verði brugðist við aukningunni. Þess vegna megi ekki bíða með aðgerðir. Ég styð þá sem strax vilja grípa til aðgerða. Skoðanir mínar hafa mótast af því að loftslagslíkön spá mun minni loftslagsbreytingum en þeim sem stafa af breytingum á sporbaug jarðar, breytingum í straumakerfi hafsins og inngeislun sólar. Þetta bendir til að í loftslagslíkönin vanti afturvirk ferli og ferli sem magna upp loftslagsbreytingar. Þessi afturvirku ferli og magnarar eru til staðar í náttúrinni í dag og í fortíðinni. Þess vegna er líklegra að líkönin vanmeti frekar en ýki áhrif koltvíoxíðs eins og gagnrýnendur þeirra hafa haldið fram. Orkunotkun mannkyns mun halda áfram að aukast, vegna þess að orkan er ódýr, hún er næg og kol verður algengasta orkuformið. Ég tel að brottnám koltvíoxíðs úr andrúmslofti og bind- ing djúpt í jörðu sé ein mikilvægasta leiðin til þess að stöðva styrkaukningu koltvíoxíðs í andrúmslofti. Sem betur fer lítur út fyrir að brottnám og binding sé tækni- lega og efnahagslega möguleg. Spurningin er hvort mannkyn geti sameinast um þessar aðgerðir áður en styrkur koltvíoxíðs í andrúmslofti verður óbærilegur. REFERENCES Alley, R. B., P. A. Mayewski, T. Sowers, M. Stuiver, K. C. Taylor and P. U. Clark 1997. Holocene climatic in- stability: A prominent, widespread event 8200 yr ago. Geology 25, 483–486. JÖKULL No. 55, 2005 15
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