Skógræktarritið - 15.05.2001, Page 105

ment decision-making. But there
are still two main limitations to
most current DSTs: (1) firstly,
most are not yet spatially explicit.
i.e. they do not incorporate infor-
mation at the landscape scale on
the impacts of vegetation pattern
and topography on ranging
behaviour, partly because of a
lack of data and partly because
the software and computing
power have only recently become
sufficiently sophisticated; (2) sec-
ondly, most of the available graz-
ing models in the UK and else-
where deal either only with open-
ground vegetation or only with
forest, because as yet we still
have a poor understanding of for-
est use when it represents only a
small component of a whole
complex of vegetation types. For
this reason, a scoping studyis
currently being undertaken to see
where the main data shortages
are, before we embark on new
DST development for complex
landscapes containing patches of
forest within a ránge of other veg-
etation types. This would aid
managers of areas where trees
form only a minor part of the
landscape but where tree regen-
eration is a major aim.
Conclusion
Grazing management for forest
regeneration is a fundamentally
important, yet highly complex,
issue in countries such as
Scotland, where natural forests
have declined to such small
remaining areas. Development of
appropriate and sustainable
management recommendations
requires an integrated approach
to a subject which encompasses
many fields of expertise, from
plant and animal physiology and
ecology, through landscape sci-
ence, to economics. it is only by
integrating such approaches that
we will be able to move towards
the provision of sound prescrip-
tions for a range of herbivore/for-
est regeneration options within a
changing economic and political
climate.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to Throstur
Eysteinsson for inviting me to
References
Beaumont, D., Dugan, D., Evans, G.,
and Taylor, S. (1994) Deermanage-
ment and tree regeneration in the
RSPB reserve at Abernethy Forest.
In: Aldhous, J.R. (Ed.), Our Pinewood
Heritage. Forestry Commission,
Edinburgh, pp. 186-195.
Daneli, K., Niemela, P., Varvikko, T.,
and Vuorisala, T. (1991) Moose
browsing on Scots pine along a
gradient of plant productivity.
Ecology, 72, 1624-1633.
Danell, K„ Bergström, R„ and Edenius,
L. (1994) Effects of large mammalian
browsers on architecture, biomass,
and nutrients of woody plants. J.
Mammal., 75, 833-844.
Edenius, L„ Danell, K. and Nyquist,
H. (1995) Effects of simulated
moose browsing on growth, mortal-
ity, and fecundity in Scots pine.
Can. J. For. Rcs„ 25, 529-535.
Gilbert, D. this volume
Gilbert, D„ Horsefield, D S-Thomp-
son, D.B.A. (1997) The Ecology and
Restoration of Montane and Sub-
alpine Scrub Habitats in Scotland.
Scottish Natural Heritage Review, 83,
Scottish Natural Héritage,
Battleby.
Grace, J. & Easterbee, N. (1979) The
natural shelter for red deer (Cervus
elaphus) in a Scottish glen. Journal
of Applied Ecology, 16, 37-48.
Hester, A.|. (1995) Scrub in the
Scottish Uplands. Scottisíi Natural
Heritage RfWeu' No 24. Scottish
Natural heritage, Battleby.
Hester, A.|. & Miller, G.R. (1995)
Scrub and woodland regeneration:
prospects for the future. In
Thompson, D.B.A., Hester, A.|. &
Usher, M.B. (Eds) Heaths and
Moorland: Cultural Landscapes. HMSO,
Edinburgh. Pp 140-153.
Hester, A.J., Mitchell, F.J.G. & Kirby,
K.J. (1996) Effects of season and
present this work at the FBT con-
ference in lceland and for financ-
ing my visit. Thanks also to
Angela Sibbald for providing
information and a Figure on the
GPS project work (Fig 3). |ohn
Milne provided helpful com-
ments on the manuscript.
intensity of sheep grazing on tree
regeneration in a British upland
woodland. For. Ecol. Manage., 88,
99-106.
Mackenzie, N. (1999) The native
woodland resource of Scotland. A
review 1993-1998. Forestry Commis-
sion Technica! Paper 30, Forestry
Commission, Edinburgh.
Millard, P„ Hester, A.|„ Wendler, R. &
Baillie, G. (in press).
Remobilization of nitrogen and the
recovery of Betula pendula, Pinus
sylvestris, and Sorbus aucuparia
saplings aftersimulated browsing
damage. Functional Ecology
Mitcheil. B„ Staines, B.W. & Welch, D.
(1977) Ecology of Red Deer. Institute
of Terrestrial Ecology, Cambridge.
MLURI (1998) MLURI Annual Report.
MLURI, Aberdeen.
Pastor, |. and Naiman, R. J. (1992)
Selective foraging and ecosystem
processes in boreal forests. Am.
Nat„ 139, 691-705.
Pastor,)., Moen, R.A., and Cohen, Y.
(1997) Spatial heterogeneities, car-
rying capacity, and feedbacks in
animal-landscape interactions.).
Mammal., 78, 1040-1052.
Sibbald, A.M. (in press) Using GPS to
track wild red deer stags. Deer.
Staines, B.W. (1976) The use of natur-
al shelter by red deer in north-east
Scotland. lournal of Zoology, 180, 1-8.
Stewart, F. E. (1996) The effects of red
deer on the regeneration of upland birch
woodland in the Scottish highlands.
Unpublished PhD thesis,
University of Aberdeen.
Towers, this volume
Van Hees, A. F. M„ Kuiters, A. T. and
Slim, P. A. (1996) Growth and
development of silver birch,
pedunculate oak and beech as
affected by deer browsing. For.
Ecol. Manage., 88, 55-63.
SKÓGRÆKTARRITIÐ 2001 l.tbl.
103