Íslenskt mál og almenn málfræði - 01.01.1981, Qupperneq 100
98
6. Conclusion
Karen C. Kossuth
In summary, except for the unmarked definiteness of topical ana-
phoric NPs, Old Icelandic conforms already to the distribution of
definite/indefinite marking in discourse as it is established in Modem
English. An unmarked noun may be indefinite, but it may instead be
the topic which is definite. Unmarked topics should be high in topi-
cality, thus human, singular, and important, and they are most often
subject in a clause with verb initial word order. In this fashion the
semantic factors of singular number and humanness interact with the
syntactic ones of word order and grammatical relation to clarify a
morphologically ambiguous marking.
REFERENCES
Austfirðinga sggur. Jón Jóhannesson gaf út. Hið íslenzka fornritafélag, Reykjavík,
1950.
Delbriick, B. 1916. Germanische Syntax III. Der altislandische Artikel. Abh. der
phil.-hist. Kl. der kgl.-sáchs. Ges. d. Wiss., Bd. 33, Nr. 1. Leipzig.
Drop.: See Austfirðinga spgur.
Fillmore, Charles. 1971. Types of Lexical Information. D. D. Steinberg & L. A.
Jakobovits (eds.): Semantics. An Interdisciplinary Reader, pp. 370-392. The
University Press, Cambridge.
Givón, Talmy. 1974. Toward a Discourse Definition of Syntax. Ms. UCLA.
—. 1978. Definiteness and Referentiality. Joseph Greenberg (ed.): Universals of
Human Language, IV, pp. 291-330. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1966. Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Refer-
ence to the Order of Meaningful Elements. Joseph H. Greenberg (ed.): Uni-
versals of Language, pp. 73-113. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
—. 1978. How does a Language Acquire Gender Markers? Joseph H. Greenberg
(ed.): Universals of Human Language, III, pp. 47-82. Stanford University
Press, Stanford.
Halliday, M. A. K., & Ruquaiya Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. Longman,
London.
Haugen, Einar. 1976. The Scandinavian Languages. Faber & Faber, London.
Hawkins, John. 1977. The Pragmatics of Definiteness, parts I & II. Linguistische
Berichte 41:1-21 & 48:1-28.
—. 1978. Definiteness and Indefiniteness: a Study in Reference and Grammatical-
ity Prediction. Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, N.J.
Heusler, Andreas. 1913. Altisliindisches Elementarbuch. Carl Winter Universitáts-
verlag, Heidelberg.
Hkr. I, III: See Snorri Sturluson.
Hodler, Werner. 1954. Grundziige einer germanischen Artikellehre. Carl Winter
Universitátsverlag, Heidelberg.