Læknablaðið - 01.10.2015, Blaðsíða 28

468 LÆKNAblaðið 2015/101
ENgLISH SUMMArY
Germ cells are the precursors to the gametes that carry genetic and
epigenetic information between human generations and generate a
new individual. Because germ cells are specified early during embryo-
genesis, at the time of embryo implantation, they are inaccessible for
research. our understanding of their biology has therefore developed
slowly since their identification over one hundred years ago. As a result
of research into the properties of human and mouse embryonic stem
cells and primordial germ cells, scientists have now succeeded in effi-
ciently generating human primordial germ cells in culture by embryonic
stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell culture. In this review we
will discuss the state of our knowledge of human primordial germ cells
and how research into the pluripotent properties of human and mouse
embryonic germ cells has led to this breakthrough. In addition we will
discuss the possible utilization of a cell culture system of human pri-
mordial germ cells for research into and treatment of germ cell related
abnormalities.
Human Primordial Germ Cell Specification – breakthrough in Culture and
Hopes for Therapeutic Utilization
Erna Magnúsdóttir
key words: primordial germ cells, pluripotency.
Correspondence: Erna Magnúsdóttir, erna@hi.is
Y F I R L I T S G R E I N
49. Dominguez AA, Chiang HR, Sukhwani M, Orwig KE,
Reijo Pera RA. Human germ cell formation in xenotr-
ansplants of induced pluripotent stem cells carrying X
chromosome aneuploidies. Sci Rep 2014; 4: 6432.
50. Zhao T, Zhang Z-N, Rong Z, Xu Y. Immunogenicity of
induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2011; 474: 212-5.
51. Vassena R, Eguizabal C, Heindryckx B, Sermon K, Simon
C, van Pelt AM, et al. Stem cells in reproductive medicine:
ready for the patient? Hum Reprod 2015; 30: 2014-21.
52. Eguizabal C, Montserrat N, Vassena R, Barragan M,
Garreta E, Garcia-Quevedo L, et al. Complete meiosis
from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells
2011; 29: 1186-95.
53. Yang S, Ping P, Ma M, Li P, Tian R, Yang H, et al.
Generation of Haploid Spermatids with Fertilization and
Development Capacity from Human Spermatogonial
Stem Cells of Cryptorchid Patients. Stem Cell Reports
2014; 3: 663-75.
54. Hayashi K, Saitou M. Generation of eggs from mouse
embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.
Nat Protoc 2013; 8: 1513-24.
55. Jinek M, East A, Cheng A, Lin S, Ma E, Doudna J. RNA-
programmed genome editing in human cells. Elife 2013;
2013: 1-9.
56. Baltimore BD, Berg P, Botchan M, Carroll D, Charo RA,
Church G, et al. Biotechnology. A prudent path forward
for genomic engineering and germline gene modification.
Science 2015; 348: 36–8.
57. Callaway E. Reproductive medicine: The power of three.
Nature 2014; 509: 414-7.
58. Evans MJ, Kaufman MH. Establishment in culture of
pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 1981;
292: 154-6.
59. Martin GR. Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early
mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by
teratocarcinoma stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1981; 78:
7634-8.
60. Thomson J a, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA,
Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, et al. Embryonic stem cell lines
derived from human blastocysts. Science 1998; 282: 1145-7.
Árangur næst þegar þú lætur ekkert stöðva þig
HEKLA · Laugavegi 170-174 · Reykjavík · sími 590 5000 · www.audi.is
Nýr Audi Q7
Nýr og tilkomumikill Audi Q7 er einstakur hvað varðar aksturseiginleika og upplýsingakerfi
ásamt því að vera í fremstu röð þegar kemur að aðstoðarkerfum fyrir ökumann. Hann
leggur meðal annars í stæði, bakkar með kerru og keyrir sjálfur í umferðaröngþveiti.
Nýr Audi Q7 er búinn fullkomnu quattro® fjórhjóladrifi. Hann er sterkur og stæðilegur
lúxusjeppi en 325 kílóum léttari og 26% eyðslugrennri en áður.