Ritið : tímarit Hugvísindastofnunar - 01.10.2012, Page 126

Ritið : tímarit Hugvísindastofnunar - 01.10.2012, Page 126
126 Ú T d R Á T T U R „Sálarfleyið mitt skelfur“: Hugfræðilegur söguþáttur Aðgreining fígúru og grunns skiptir höfuðmáli í sjónskynjun. Henni var fyrst ræki- lega lýst í doktorsritgerð danska sálfræðingsins Edgars Rubin, Synsoplevede Figurer, frá 1915. Rubin var menntaður við Hafnarháskóla sem bauð upp á afburðanám í sálfræði um aldamótin 1900. Að loknu meistaraprófi hélt Rubin til frekara náms í sálfræði við sálfræðirannsóknastofu Georgs Elias Müller við háskólann í Gött- ingen. Müller bað Rubin að rannsaka myndkennsl sem hluta af minnisrannsóknum sem voru í gangi í rannsóknastofunni. Rubin fann þessum rannsóknum hins vegar algerlega nýjan farveg og það ól af sér sígilt rit í skynjunarsálfræði. doktorsritgerð Rubins varð mikilvægur þáttur í svonefndri skynheildastefnu í sálfræði sem varð til í andstöðu við eldri hugtengslastefnu innan greinarinnar. Rannsóknir Rubins hafa notið töluverðrar hylli og má ekki síst rekja það til þekktrar myndar hans sem sýnir aðgreiningu fígúru og grunns, myndar sem almennt gengur undir heitinu „Vasi Rubins“. Sú mynd er ein þekktasta skýringamynd skynjunarsálfræðinnar. Greininni lýkur á vangaveltum um ástæður þess að myndin hefur orðið jafn lífseig og raun ber vitni. Lykilorð: skynjun, fígúra-grunnur, skynheildastefna, hugtengslastefna, vasi Rubins A B S T R A C T „The Boat of my Soul Staggers“: A Chapter in the History of Cognitive Science The distinction of figure and ground is fundamental to visual perception. It was first described in detail in the danish psychologist Edgar Rubin’s doctoral dis- sertation Synsoplevede Figurer (“Visually experienced figures”) from 1915. Rubin was educated at the University of Copenhagen. After finishing his MA there he went to the University of Göttingen to continue his psychological education in the laboratory of Georg Elias Müller. Müller asked Rubin to investigate the recognition of figures as part of ongoing work in the Göttingen psychological laboratory on memory. Rubin, however, took this project in a completely different direction, resulting in one of the great classics of perceptual psychology. Rubin’s dissertation became an important part of the so-called Gestalt movement in psychology, which marked a break with an earlier associationist psychology. Rubin’s research has been widely recognized, not least because of his famous figure illustrating the figure– ground distinction, now commonly called “Rubin’s Vase”. It is one of the best known illustrations in perceptual psychology. The paper ends with some speculative re- marks on its universal appeal. Keywords: perception, figure–ground, Gestalt, associationism, Rubin’s Vase JÖRGEN L. PINd
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