Jökull


Jökull - 01.06.2000, Síða 22

Jökull - 01.06.2000, Síða 22
Holocene eruptions within the Katla volcanic system, lagoons, raise the sandur surface and enlarge the sand- ur plain at the expense of vegetated areas, shift river courses and extend the shoreline southwards. DISCUSSION The recurrence time of eruptions in each of the three categories of volcanic activity within the Katla system apparently differs by orders of magnitude. The intra- caldera basaltic eruptions occur at intervals of decades while the silicic eruptions occurred at intervals of cen- turies and the "fires" involving both the central vol- cano and its fissure swarm occur at intervals of thou- sands of years. The past eleven centuries are atypical, firstly because of the major "fires" in the 10th century, and secondly because no silicic eruptions have been identified during this period. The eruption frequency presented in this paper should be regarded as a minimum for the intracaldera basaltic eruptions and silicic eruptions. Only sub- glacial eruptions that broke through the ice cover and left a tephra layer are recorded. Small subglacial events such as the 1955 and 1999 events, some of which may have been small eruptions, went unno- ticed until this century. The long repose after the Eldgjá eruption is defined by the absence of tephra layers in soils formed during the following centuries, and events that did not leave such evidence may have taken place during this interval. Infrequent rifting episodes resulting in major "fires" are, however, in ac- cordance with the location of the system within a zone of propagating rift. The absence of silicic eruptions after the Eldgjá eruption may imply that the magma system below the central volcano was disrupted or reorganized as a re- sult of that event. The fairly homogenous glass com- position of the 12 tephras erupted in the interval be- tween the two "fires" indicates that stable conditions prevailed during that period. The fact that the com- position of the Holocene silicics differs significantly from the pre-Holocene silicics may similarily indicate significant changes of subcaldera conditions at an ear- lier stage, either as a result of the 10300 14C yrs BP eruption (Lacasse et al., 1995; Bard et al., 1994) or of the Hólmsá fires some 6800 14C yrs ago. The hyaloclastite flow deposits at Kriki may be the first Holocene deposits of this kind that have been identified in Iceland. The relationship to the other Eldgjá products is still not sufficiently clear and fur- ther field work is needed to establish an unambigu- ous correlation. The apparent low productivity of air- borne tephra within the caldera is, however, readily explained if most of the magma erupted there escaped from the caldera as a hyaloclastite flow. Changes in subglacial drainage routes of post- Eldgjá jökulhlaups towards the Kötlujökull gap can have several causes. Different ice thickness within the caldera as a result of different climate conditions cannot be disregarded, e.g. migration of the ice di- vide, which Dugmore and Sugden (1991) proposed to explain changes in maximum advances of Sólheima- jökull during the Holocene. Other plausible causes for changed drainage routes are a shift in location of intra-caldera eruption sites or altered caldera topogra- phy. The latter would also affect the outlet glaciers and might explain some of the changes observed by Dugmore (1987) and others. Considering the magni- tude of the Eldgjá event and the activity within the caldera, changes of caldera topography cannot be dis- counted as a contributing factor, while an eastward shift of post-Eldgjá eruption sites is the most straight- forward explanation. Old traditions regarding settlements in the Mýrdalssandur area become understandable in light of the changes caused by the Eldgjá eruption. Large parts of the area now known as Mýrdalssandur were, without doubt, favourable for farming before the Eld- gjá eruption. In the two quiet centuries following the eruption, some of the areas laid waste by lava flows and jökulhlaups recovered, if only temporarily. In such a case the existence of farms along the now sand-covered western edge of the lava flow, as well as elsewhere along the edges and on islands within the lava, is readily explained. Tales of clusters (hverfi) of farms, both at the time of the Norse settlement and in the centuries following the Eldgjá eruption, in areas now laid waste, do not contradict what is currently known about the geological and geographical condi- tions. These tales may therefore contain some large grains of truth - or simply be true. The greatest hazard in historical Katla eruptions JÖKULL No. 49 21
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