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Læknablaðið - 15.02.1999, Qupperneq 40

Læknablaðið - 15.02.1999, Qupperneq 40
134 LÆKNABLAÐIÐ 1999; 85 Table I. Diagnostic criteria forfetal alcoljol syndrome (FAS) and alcoliol-related effects. *) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 1. FAS with confirnied inaternal aleohol exposure **) A Confirmed maternal alcohol exposure **) B Evidence of a characteristic pattern of facial anomalies that includes features such as short palpebral fissures and abnormali- ties in the premaxillary zone (e.g., flat upper lip, flattened philtrum, and flat midface) C Evidence of growth retardation, as in at least one of the following: - low birth weight for gestational age - decelerating weight over time not due to nutrition - disproportional low weight to height D Evidence of CNS neurodevelopmental abnormalities, as in at least one of the following: - decreased cranial size at birth - structural brain abnormalities (e.g., microcephaly, partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum, cerebellar hypo- plasia) - neurological hard or soft signs (as age appropriate), such as impaired fine motor skills, neurosensory hearing loss, poor tan- dem gait, poor eye-hand coordination 2. FAS without confirmed maternal alcoluil exposure B, C. and D as above 3. Partial FAS with confirmed maternal alcohol exposure A Confirmed maternal alcohol exposure **) B Evidence of some components of the pattern of characteristic facial anomalies Either C or D or E C Evidence of growth retardation, as in at least one of the following: - low birth weight for gestational age - decelerating weight over time not due to nutrition - disproportional low weight to height D Evidence of CNS neurodevelopmental abnormalities, as in: - decreased cranial size at birth - structural brain abnormalities (e.g., microcephaly, partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum, cerebellar hypo- plasia) - neurological hard or soft signs (as age appropriate), such as impaired fine motor skills, neurosensory hearing loss, poor tan- dem gait, poor eye-hand coordination E Evidence of a complex pattern of behavior or cognitive abnormalities that are inconsistent with developmental level and can- not be explained by familial background or environment alone, such as learning difficulties; deficits in school performance; poor impulse control; problems in social perception; deficits in higher level receptive and expressive language; poor capacity for abstraction o'r metacognition; specific deficits in mathematical skills; or problems in memory, attention, or judgment þriðjung meðgöngu. Meirihluti þeirra barna sem verða fyrir áhrifum áfengis í móðurkviði eru ekki með úlitseinkenni og vaxtarskerðingu sem þurfa að vera fyrir hendi til að uppfylla greiningarskilmerkin fyrir heilkenni fóstur- skaða af völdum áfengis. Börnin geta samt ver- ið með alvarlegar vitsmuna- og hegðunartrufl- anir sem oft eru hvorki greindar né fá viðeig- andi meðferð. Lýsingar á börnum sem orðið hafa fyrir áfengisáhrifum í móðurkviði fela í sér meðal annars greindarskerðingu, ofvirkni, athyglisbrest, námserfiðleika, minnistruflanir, málhömlun, skertar fínhreyfingar og skerta rúm- skynjun. Fósturskaða af völdum áfengis hefur verið lýst sem helstu þekktu orsök greindar- skerðingar, en rannsóknir hafa sýnt að aðeins hluti áfengisskaðaðra einstaklinga er strangt til tekið þroskaheftur (með greindarvísitölu undir 70, það er tvö staðalfrávik undir meðallagi) og fer því á mis við ýmsa opinbera þjónustu á sviði menntunar og starfa, sem ætluð er fötluðum. Rannsóknir á dýrum hafa einnig leitt í ljós ýmsar starfrænar afleiðingar áfengisneyslu á meðgöngu eins og ofvirkni, skerta hæfni til að bæla viðbrögð og skerta náms- og minnishæfni. Greiningarskilmerki Samkvæmt greiningarskilmerkjum sem Institute of Medicine (IOM) í Bandaríkjunum gaf út árið 1996 (8, tafla I) þá er heilkenni fósturskaða af völdum áfengis greint, þegar eftirfarandi einkenni eru fyrir hendi:
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