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Yuki Minamisawa: Metaphor and Collocation 69
most previous studies, it seems that there are also some diff erences
at a more detailed level. This section briefl y discusses two diff erences
between the Icelandic reiði and the English anger.11
First, it seems that the aspects the fluid metaphor covers are not
absolutely the same between these languages. In English, this meta-
phor highlights many diff erent aspects of the emotion, whereas the
Icelandic version tends to be more limited. This is shown in Table 4.
Aspect REIÐI (reiði/bræði) ANGER (anger/rage)
Increasing Anger [0] well_V, rise_V [2]
(Intense) Anger krauma_V, fylla_V,
sjóða_V [3]
seethe_V, pent-up_A,
simmering_A, bubble_V, boil_V,
fi ll_V [6]
Att empt at Control [0] suppressed_A, suppress_V [2]
Loss of Control gjósa_V [1] outburst_V, explode_V, burst_S,
explosion_S, burst_V [5]
Act of Retribution útrás_S, hella_V [2] vent_V, vent_S [2]
Disappearance renna_V [1] evaporate_V, drain_V [2]
Others innri_A [1] inside_P [1]
Table 4. Signifi cant collocates of the fluid metaphor of reiði and anger.
Table 4 shows the signifi cant collocates (MI ≥ 3) of the fluid meta-
phor of reiði in Icelandic (reiði/bræði) and anger in English (anger/
rage). The collocates are categorized according to diff erent aspects
of the emotion.12 The fluid metaphor of reiði specifi cally focuses on
the aspects of Intense Anger, Loss of Control, Act of Retribution (Let-
ting out Anger), and Disappearance, while the English version rep-
resents diff erent aspects of the emotion. As for the aspect of Increas-
ing Anger, it seems that the verb stíga corresponds to rise (Freq=27,
11 As stated above, the comparison between Icelandic and English is based on data
from the MÍM and the BNC. As the MÍM is much smaller in size than the BNC,
the results may be diff erent when using diff erent corpora. Nevertheless, the MÍM
partly refers to the BNC in collecting texts. In addition, the MI score is usable for
comparing data from corpora of diff erent sizes.
12 Kövecses (1990) claims that the prototype of emotion has the following temporally
and causally connected stages: 1) Cause, 2) Emotion exists, 3) Attempt at control,
4) Loss of control, 5) Action, and 0) Emotional calmness. In Table 4, the aspects
largely correspond to these stages. However, the aspect of Cause is excluded be-
cause of the lack of signifi cant collocates in both languages, and the aspect of In-
creasing Anger is added based on the specifi c case of the fluid metaphor when the
intensity of anger increases, the fluid rises.
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