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SUMMARY
‘The younger Nordic fuþarks
Their background and contextualization in written culture’
Keywords: language history ‘from below’, scripts in contact, Latin ecclesiastic schooling,
Classical grammar, ‘runic reform’, First Grammatical Treatise, younger fuþark
What has affected our insights into the development of the fuþarks is the ‘Scandinavian
runic reform’. Michael Barnes (2003:54), for instance, envisages a planned process driven
by deliberate intent and swiftly established throughout the whole of Scandinavia around
700 A.D. Thus the present paper has a twofold aim. Firstly, it questions the notion of a
conscious reform on several grounds. Secondly, it introduces new systematic factors which
support the linguistic approach toward this transformation as an internally driven process
based on language change, in particular the systematic extension of substitution rules such
as tenuis for media. The inscriptions from Eggja (ca. 650-700 A.D.) and Ribe (ca. 720
A.D. or later) are central to this study as they document the crucial step from the older to
the younger fuþark.