Læknablaðið - 15.05.2012, Side 22

RANNSÓKN
þeirra verulega ábótavant. Að sama skapi er hlutfall líkamsfitu
þeirra alltof hátt og of hátt hlutfall yfir kjörþyngd. Einnig fannst
hækkaður slagþrýstingur, LDL og þríglýseríð og lækkað HDL hjá
um 10% unglinganna. Unglingar í verknámsskóla virðast auk þess
vera heldur verr á sig komnir en jafnaldrar þeirra í bóknámsskól-
um. Aðgerða er því þörf til að auka hreyfingu og minnka líkams-
fitu og fylgikvilla hjá þessum aldurshópi.
Þakkir
Höfundar vilja þakka Andrési Þórarni Eyjólfssyni, Ágústu
Tryggvadóttur, Gunnari Axel Davíðssyni og Stefáni Guðmunds-
syni alla hjálpina við gagnaöflunina. Einnig vilja höfundar þakka
styrktaraðilum rannsóknarinnar: íþróttasjóði menntamálaráðu-
neytisins, Rannsóknarsjóði Háskóla íslands, Rannsóknarsjóði
Kennaraháskóla íslands, Forverkefnasjóði RANNÍS, íslenskri
getspá og World Class.
Heimildir
1. Kasa-Vubu JZ, Lee CC, Rosenthal A, Singer K, Halter JB.
Cardiovascular fitness and exercise as determinants of
insulin resistance in postpubertal adolescent females. J
Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 849-54.
2. Johannsson E, Amgrimsson SA, Thorsdottir I, Sveinsson
T. Tracking of overweight from early childhood to adoles-
cence in cohorts bom in 1988 and 1994: overweight in a
high birth weight population. Int J Obes 2006; 30:1265-71.
3. Jónsson SH, Héðinsdóttir M, Erlendsdóttir RÓ, Guð-
laugsson JÓ. Böm á höfuðborgarsvæðinu léttari nú en
áður: Niðurstöður úr ískrá á þyngdarmælingum bama frá
2003/04-2009/10. Landlæknisembættið og Heilsugæsla
höfðuborgarsvæðisins, Reykjavík 2011.
4. Valdimarsdóttir M, Jónsson SH, Þorgeirsdóttir H, Gísla-
dóttir E, Guðlaugsson J Ó, Þórlindsson, Þ. Líkamsþyngd
og holdafar fullorðinna íslendinga frá 1990 til 2007.
Lýðheilsustöð, Reykjavík 2009.
5. Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC, Layden J, Cames
BA, Brody J, et al. A potential decline in life expectancy in
the United States in the 21st century. N Engl J Med 2005;
352:1138-45.
6. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual
causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA-J Am
Med Assoc 2004; 291:1238-45.
7. Amgrimsson SA, Sveinsson T, Gunnarsdottir I, Palsson
GI, Johannsson E, Thorsdottir I. The relation of fatness to
insulin is independent of fitness in 9 but not 15 yr-olds.
Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40:43-49.
8. Magnusson KT, Amgrimsson SA, Sveinsson T, Johannsson
E. Líkamshreyfing 9 og 15 ára íslenskra bama í ljósi lýð-
heilsumarkmiða. Læknablaðið 2011; 97: 75-81.
9. Friedewald W, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the
concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in
plasma, without the use of the preparative ultracentrifuge.
Clin Chem 1972; 18:499-502.
10. Arngrimsson SA, Petitt DS, Borrani F, Skinner KA,
Cureton KJ. Hyperthermia and maximal oxygen uptake in
men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 92:524-32.
11. Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion.
Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14:377-81.
12. Crouter SE, Schneider PL, Karabulut M, Bassett DR.
Validity of 10 electronic pedometers for measuring steps,
distance, and energy cost. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35:
1455-60.
13. Lohman TG, Houtkooper LB, Going SB. Body fat meas-
urements goes hi-tech: Not all are created equal. ACSM's
Health Fitness J 1997; 1: 30-5.
14. Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syn-
drome - a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005; 366:
1059-62.
15. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription.
Thompson WR, Gordon NF, Pescatello LS, editors.
ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription.
8 ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer and Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2009.
16. Tudor-Locke C, Bassett DRJr. How many steps/day are
enough? Preliminary pedometer indices for public health.
Sports Med 2004; 34:1-8.
17. American Heart Association. What your cholesterol levels
mean. heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/What-Your-
CholestrolLevels-Mean_UCM_305562_Article.jsp október
2011.
18. American Diabetes Association. How to tell if you have
prediabetes. diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/prevention/
pre-diabetes/how-to-tell-if-you-have.html október 2011.
19. Dyrstad SM, Aandstad A, Hallen J. Aerobic fitness in
young Norwegian men: a comparison between 1980 and
2002. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2005; 15: 298-303.
20. Alricsson M, Domalewski D, Romild U, Asplund R.
Physical activity, health, body mass index, sleeping habits
and body complaints in Australian senior high school
students. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2008; 20:501-12.
21. Jónsson K. Holdafar, þrek og lífsstíll 18 og 19 ára fram-
haldsskólanema. Meistaraprófsritgerð, Háskóli íslands
2008.
22. Steingrímsdóttir, L., Þorgeirsdóttir, H., and Ólafsdóttir, A.
S. Hvað borða íslendingar? Könnun á mataræði íslend-
inga 2002. Helstu niðurstöður. Manneldisráð íslands,
Reykjavík 2003.
23. Wellens RI, Roche AF, Khamis HJ, Jackson AS, Pollock ML,
Siervogel RM. Relationships between the body mass index
and body composition. Obes Res 1996; 4: 35-44.
24. Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research. The fitness
specialist certification manual. Dallas: Cooper Institute for
Aerobics Research, 1997.
25. Shvartz E, Reibold RC. Aerobic Fitness Norms for Males
and Females Aged 6 Years to 75 Years - A Review. Aviat
Space Environ Med 1990; 61: 3-11.
26. Andersen LB, Henckel P, Saltin B. Maximal Oxygen-
Uptake in Danish Adolescents 16-19 Years of Age. Eur J
Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1987; 56: 74-82.
27. Sallis JF. Age-related decline in physical activity: a synt-
hesis of human and animal studies. Med Sci Sports Exerc
2000; 32:1598-600.
28. Dollman J, Norton K, Norton L. Evidence for secular
trends in children's physical activity behaviour. Br J Sports
Med 2005; 39: 892-7.
29. Currie C, Roberts C, Morgan A, Smith R, Settertobulte
W, Samdal O, Rasmussen VB. Young people's health in
context. Health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC)
study: Intemational report from the 2001/2002 survey.
WHO Europe, Denmark 2004.
30. Bergsveinsson J, Aspelund T, Gudnason V, Benediktsson
R. Algengi sykursýki af tegund tvö á íslandi 1967-2002.
Læknablaðið 2007; 93:397-402.
ENGLISH SUMMARY
Body composition, aerobic fitness, physical activity and metabolic profile among
18 year old lcelandic high-school students
Arngrimsson SA, Richardsson EB, Jonsson K, Olafsdottir AS
Objective: The purpose of the study was to examine metabolic risk
factors among 18 year old high-school students and compare students
attending vocational and traditional schools.
Material and methods: Participants (147 boys and 130 girls) were
randomly selected. Physlcal activity (PA) was measured with pedome-
ters and aerobic fitness (fitness) with maximal oxygen uptake test on
atreadmill. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and body mass
index (BMI) were measured and percentage body fat (%Fat) assessed
with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Resting blood pressure (BP) and
serum lipids and glucose were measured.
Results: According to BMI, 23% of the students were overweight/
obese, 20% had elevated WC, and 51% increased %Fat. In addition,
11% of the students had high-density lipoprotein below recommended
levels, and 8% had low-density lipoprotein and 9% triglycerides above
advised values. Finally, 10% had borderline or high systolic BP. In cont-
rast, 84% of the students had fair or higher levels of fitness, although
only 34% reached recommended levels of daily PA. According to %Fat,
a higher proportion of boys (33%) than girls (22%) were classified as
obese (p=0.042) but a higher proportion of boys (57%) were very fit
(57 vs. 24%, p<0.001). Vocational students had lower levels of fitness
(Cohen's d (Cd)=0.7) and PA (Cd=0.7), and higher %Fat (Cd=0.5), WC
(Cd=0.6), and BP (Cd=0.3, p<0.05).
Conclusion: Although fitness among 18 year old lcelandic high-school
students seems generally good, their PA is low and %Fat elevated.
Serum lipids and systolic BP are also increased in about 10% of the
teenagers. Vocational students measure worse on most metabolic risk
factors than traditional students.
Keywords: Body Composition, Physical Activity, Aerobic Fitness, Metabolic Profile
Correspondence: Sigurbjörn Árni Arngrimsson sarngrim@hi.is
Center for Sport and Health Sciences, University of lceland, Laugarvatn, lceland
282 LÆKNAblaðið 2012/98