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Dugmore and Newton volcanic history and eruption frequency (e.g. Larsen, 2000; Óladóttir et al., 2005, 2008, 2011a, 2011b). Geomorphological, palaeoenvironmental and archae- ological applications, however, additionally require engagement with poorly developed tephra sequences, complex stratigraphies, isochrons, time transgressive horizons and the consideration of a wide range of de- posits. When this is done, it can illustrate the power of tephrochronology, even in less than ideal settings. The same approaches to tephrochronology have po- tentially wide ranging applications in other volcani- cally active regions. Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge support from the UK Leverhulme Trust through grant F/00152/F and US National Science Foundation through grants ARC 1145300, ARC 0732327, ARC 1202692 and the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland. The support of the local community through many years of research is also greatly appreciated, in particular Kristján Ólafsson of Seljaland and Rósa Aðalsteins- dóttir of Stóramörk. We are also grateful for reviews by Megan Hicks, Siwan Davies and Olgeir Sigmars- son which have materially improved this paper, which is a product of NABO (North Atlantic Biocultural Or- ganisation). ÁGRIP Gjóskutímatal er mikilvægt í rannsóknum á landmót- un svæða. Gjóskulögin eru almennt notuð til að skil- greina jafntímafleti og tímasetja umhverfið sem þau finnast í. Gjóskutímatal kemur að mestum notum þeg- ar bæði vel þekktir jafntímafletir eða leiðarlög (út- breidd gjóskulög með greinileg og vel skilgreind ein- kenni ásamt traustri aldurgreiningu) og önnur gjósku- lög á svæðinu eru notuð í sameiningu. Þar með telj- ast gjóskulög af óþekktum uppruna og einnig lög sem eru endurflutt, en slíkt lag verður ekki endilega til á sama augnabliki á hverjum stað (er "time transgressi- ve") og er því ekki af sama aldri alls staðar þar sem það finnst. Gjóskutímatal sem tekur til allra þessa þátta nýtist best þar sem fjöldi sniða er mældur en gera þarf skarpan greinarmun á óhreyfðum gjóskulögum, sem mynda raunverulega jafntímafleti, og endurflutt- um lögum. Með mörgum mælingum á gjóskulaga- skipan í jarðvegi á tilteknu svæði má fá betri skiln- ing á landmótunarferlum og á áhrifum mannvistar á umhverfið. Röð gjóskulaga af óþekktum sem þekkt- um uppruna og aldri getur myndað eins konar "strika- merki"("barcode") sem nýtast bæði til að treysta teng- ingar milli jarðvegssniða og til að fá nákvæmari upp- lýsingar um aðstæður í umhverfinu en þegar eingöngu eru notuð strjálli leiðarlög. Nákvæmar mælingar á gjóskulögunum og jarðveginum á milli þeirra í fjölda sniða geta leitt í ljós fíngerðar breytingar á stöðugleika landslags sem og breytingar á landnýtingu með tíma. REFERENCES Arnalds, O. 2000. The Icelandic ’rofabard’ erosion features. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 25, 17–28. Binns, R. E. 1972. Composition and derivation of pumice on post- glaciation strandlines in northern Europe and western Arctic. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 83(8), 2303–2324. Björck, S., Ó. Ingólfsson, H. Haflidason, M. Hallsdóttir and J. N. Anderson 1992. Lake Torfadalsvatn: a high resolution record of the North Atlantic ash zone I and the last glacial- interglacial environmental changes in Iceland. Boreas 21(1), 15–22. van den Bogaard, C. and H.-U. Schmincke 2002. Linking the North Atlantic to central Europe: a high-resolution Holocene tephrochronological record from northern Germany. J. Qua- ternary Science 17, 3–20. Blackford, J. J., K. J. Edwards, A. J. Dugmore, G. T. Cook and P. C. Buckland 1992. Icelandic volcanic ash and the mid-Holocene Scots pine (Pinus Sylvestris) pollen decline in northern Scotland. The Holocene 2(3), 260–265. Boygle, J. 1999. Variability of tephra in lake and catchment sedi- ments, Svinavatn, Iceland. Global and Planetary Change 21, 129–149. Brendryen, J., H. Haflidason and H. P. Sejrup 2011. Non- synchronous deposition of North Atlantic Ash Zone II in Greenland ice cores, and North Atlantic and Norwegian Sea sediments: an example of complex glacial-stage tephra trans- port. J. Quaternary Science 26, 739–745. Caseldine, C., Á. Geirsdóttir and P. Langdon 2003. Efstadalsvatn – a multi-proxy study of a Holocene lacustrine sequence from NW Iceland. J. Paleolimnology 30, 55–73. Dugmore, A. J. 1987. Holocene glacial fluctuations around Eyjaf- jallajökull, South Iceland. Ph.D. Thesis, 214 pp. University of Aberdeen, UK. Dugmore, A. J. 1989a. Icelandic volcanic ash in Scotland. Scot- tish Geographical Magazine 105(3), 168–172. 50 JÖKULL No. 62, 2012
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