Tímarit lögfræðinga


Tímarit lögfræðinga - 01.06.2005, Page 27

Tímarit lögfræðinga - 01.06.2005, Page 27
may issue an order only after prohibited conduct has already occurred, it cannot provide the kind of advance notice that will protect the putative loiterer from being ordered to disperse. … Lack of clarity in the description of the loiterer’s duty to obey a dispersal order might not render the ordinance unconstitutionally vague if the definition of the forbidden conduct were clear, but it does buttress our conclusion that the entire ordinance fails to give the ordinary citizen adequate notice of what is for- bidden and what is permitted. The Constitution does not permit a legislature to “set a net large enough to catch all possible offenders, and leave it to the courts to step inside and say who could be rightfully detained, and who should be set at large.” … This ordinance is therefore vague “not in the sense that it requires a person to con- form his conduct to an imprecise but comprehensible normative standard, but rather in the sense that no standard of conduct is specified at all. … The broad sweep of the ordinance also violates “the requirement that a legislature establish minimal guid- elines to govern law enforcement.” … There are no such guidelines in the ordinance. … That the police have adopted internal rules limiting their enforcement to certain designated areas in the city would not provide a defense to a loiterer who might be arrested elsewhere. Nor could a person who knowingly loitered with a well-known gang member anywhere in the city safely assume that they would not be ordered to disperse no matter how innocent and harmless their loitering might be. … [In] this instance the city has enacted an ordinance that affords too much discretion to the po- lice and too little notice to citizens who wish to use the public streets.59 Ofangreind tilvitnun lýsir vel aðferðafræðinni hjá Hæstarétti Bandaríkjanna við mat á skýrleika refsiheimildar. Athugunin er takmörkuð við orðalag refsi- heimildarinnar og eftir atvikum litið til dómaframkvæmdar í viðkomandi fylki um túlkun hennar. Sjaldan er horft til undirbúningsgagna. Þá er það ávallt sjálf- stætt úrlausnarefni hvort óskýrleiki refsiheimildar sé það verulegur að dómstóll lýsi því yfir á almennum grundvelli að hún sé að vettugi virðandi (facial chal- lenge) eða hvort rétt sé að leggja einungis til grundvallar að vegna óskýrleika um það tilvik sem til úrlausnar er verði heimildinni ekki beitt (as-applied chal- lenge).60 Um þennan greinarmun á almennum og sérstökum óskýrleika refsi- heimildar verður fjallað nánar í kafla 3.3.7. Þess skal loks getið að í eldri dómi Hæstaréttar Bandaríkjanna í máli Smith gegn Goguen61 tók rétturinn fram að líta bæri á kröfuna um skýrleika refsiheim- 27 59 Því hefur verið haldið fram að í þessu máli hafi rétturinn veitt refsivörslusjónarmiðinu meira vægi í mati sínu en áður, sjá Andrew E. Goldsmith: „The Void-for-Vagueness Doctrine in the Su- preme Court, Revisited“, bls. 289. 60 Sjá um þessa aðgreiningu í bandarískum rétti Richard H. Fallon jr.: „As-applied and facial challenges and third party standing“. Harvard Law Review. 113 árg., nr. 6 (2000), bls. 1321-1370. Sjá einnig Jónatan Þórmundsson: „Um fordæmi sem réttarheimild í enskum og bandarískum rétti“, bls. 371. 61 Smith gegn Goguen, 415 U.S. 566 (1974). Sjá nánari umfjöllun um þennan dóm hjá Ben Emmerson & Andrew Ashworth: Human Rights and Criminal Justice. Sweet & Maxwell. London (2001), bls. 286.
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