Náttúrufræðingurinn - 2017, Blaðsíða 38

Náttúrufræðingurinn
38
Þakkir
Þessi grein er byggð á sprungukortlagningu sem höfundar hafa staðið að
undanfarin ár ásamt Sigríði Magnúsdóttur, Bryndísi Brandsdóttur og Þór-
hildi Björnsdóttur. Loftmyndir sem notaðar voru til verksins voru fengnar
frá Loftmyndum ehf., Samsýn og Landmælingum Íslands. Jarðskjálftagögn
fengust frá Veðurstofu Íslands og Raunvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands.
Hæðarlíkanið sem var notað í bakgrunni var TanDEM-X hæðarlíkan frá
þýsku geimferðastofnunni (DLR). Kortlagning á vegum og vatnafari er úr
IS50-grunni Landmælinga Íslands. Þessum aðilum öllum er þakkað fyrir
aðstoðina, og einnig Halldóri Ólafssyni fyrir að heimila notkun 5. myndar.
Heimildir
1. Clifton, A.E. & Kattenhorn, S.A. 2006. Structural architecture of a highly
oblique divergent plate boundary segment. Tectonophysics 419 (1–4).
27–40.
2. Clifton, A.E. & Schlische, R.W. 2003. Fracture populations on the
Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland: Comparison with experimental clay mod-
els of oblique rifting. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 108
(B2). 1–17.
3. Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir & Páll Einarsson 2012. The Kverkfjöll fissure
swarm and the eastern boundary of the Northern volcanic rift zone,
Iceland. Bulletin of Volcanology 74 (1). 143–162.
4. Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir & Páll Einarsson 2015. The interaction of fissure
swarms and monogenetic lava shields in the rift zones of Iceland. Jour-
nal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 299. 91–102.
5. Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir, Páll Einarsson & Sigríður G. Björgvinsdóttir 2016.
Fissure swarms and fracture systems within the Western volcanic zone,
Iceland – effects of spreading rates. Journal of Structural Geology 91.
39–53.
6. Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir, Páll Einarsson, Bramham, E. & Wright, T.J. 2012.
The Krafla fissure swarm, Iceland and its formation by rifting events.
Bulletin of Volcanology 74 (9). 2139–2153.
7. Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir, Páll Einarsson & Bryndís Brandsdóttir 2010. The
Kerlingar fault, Northeast Iceland: A Holocene normal fault east of the
divergent plate boundary. Jökull 60. 103–116.
8. Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir, Páll Einarsson, Magnús Tumi Guðmundsson &
Þórdís Högnadóttir 2016. Fracture movements and graben subsidence
during the 2014 Bárðarbunga dike intrusion in Iceland. Journal of Vol-
canology and Geothermal Research 310. 242–252.
9. Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir, Páll Einarsson, Sigríður Magnúsdóttir, Þórhildur
Björnsdóttir & Bryndís Brandsdóttir 2016. Fracture systems of the North-
ern volcanic rift zone, Iceland – an onshore part of the Mid-Atlantic plate
boundary. Bls. 297–314 í: Magmatic rifting and active volcanism (ritstj.
Wright, T.J., Ayele, A., Ferguson, D.J., Kidane, T. & Vye-Brown, C.). The
Geological Society of London Special Publications, London.
10. Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir, Páll Einarsson & Haraldur Sigurðsson 2009. The
fissure swarm of the Askja volcanic system along the divergent plate
boundary of N Iceland. Bulletin of Volcanology 71 (9). 961–975.
11. Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir, Sigurlaug Hjaltadóttir, Páll Einarsson, Kristín
Vogfjörð & Muñoz-Cobo Belart, J. 2015. Fracturing and earthquake activ-
ity within the Prestahnúkur fissure swarm in the Western Volcanic Rift
Zone of Iceland. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 120 (12).
8743–8757.
12. Páll Einarsson 2010. Mapping of Holocene surface ruptures in the South
Iceland Seismic Zone. Jökull 60. 117–134.
13. Þórhildur Björnsdóttir & Páll Einarsson 2013. Evidence of recent fault
movements in the Tungnafellsjökull fissure swarm in the Central vol-
canic zone, Iceland. Jökull 63. 17–32.
14. Sigríður Magnúsdóttir & Bryndís Brandsdóttir 2011. Tectonics of the
Þeistareykir fissure swarm. Jökull 61. 65–79.
15. Sigríður Magnúsdóttir, Bryndís Brandsdóttir, Driscoll, N. & Detrick, R.
2015. Postglacial tectonic activity within the Skjálfandadjúp basin,
Tjörnes fracture zone, offshore Northern Iceland, based on high resolu-
tion seismic stratigraphy. Marine Geology 367. 159–170.
16. Wolfe, C.J., Ingi Bjarnason, VanDecar, J.C. & Solomon, S.C. 1997. Seismic
structure of the Iceland mantle plume. Nature 385 (6.613). 245–247.
17. Þorvaldur Þórðarson & Guðrún Larsen 2007. Volcanism in Iceland in
historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history. Jour-
nal of Geodynamics 43 (1). 118–152.
18. Kristján Sæmundsson 1974. Evolution of the axial rifting zone on North-
ern Iceland and the Tjörnes Fracture Zone. Geological Society of America
Bulletin 85. 495–504.
19. Kristján Sæmundsson, Haukur Jóhannesson & Karl Grönvold 2005.
Hrúthálsar, megineldstöð í Ódáðahrauni. Bls. 47–48 í: Ágrip erinda og
veggspjalda (ritstj. Ármann Höskuldsson). Frá vorráðstefnu Jarðfræða-
félags Íslands í Öskju, 9. apríl 2005. Jarðfræðafélag Íslands, Reykjavík.
47–48. Slóð (skoðað 11.5. 2017): http://www.jfi.is/wp-content/uploads/
2010/02/agrip_vor_2005.pdf
20. Haukur Jóhannesson & Kristján Sæmundsson 1998. Jarðfræðikort af
Íslandi, höggun. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands, Reykjavík.
21. Ragnar Stefánsson, Gunnar B. Guðmundsson & Páll Halldórsson 2008.
Tjörnes fracture zone. New and old seismic evidences for the link
between the North Iceland rift zone and the Mid-Atlantic ridge. Tectono-
physics. 447 (1–4). 117–126.
22. Haraldur Sigurðsson & Sparks, S.R.J. 1978. Lateral magma flow within
rifted Icelandic crust. Nature 274 (5667). 126–130.
23. Axel Björnsson, Kristján Sæmundsson, Páll Einarsson, Eysteinn Tryggva-
son & Karl Grönvold 1977. Current rifting episode in North Iceland.
Nature 266. 318–323.
24. Jón Sæmundsson 1726. Sandferdig Relation Om det Udi Island Bræn-
dende Field Krabla og andre der omkring liggende Smaae Fielde, Baade
med Iordskielv, Torden og Aske-Fald. Kaupmannahöfn. 4 bls.
25. Ágúst Guðmundsson, Níels Óskarsson, Karl Grönvold, Kristján
Sæmundsson, Oddur Sigurðsson, Ragnar Stefánsson, Sigurður R. Gísla-
son, Páll Einarsson, Bryndís Brandsdóttir, Guðrún Larsen, Haukur
Jóhannesson & Þorvaldur Þórðarson 1992. The 1991 eruption of Hekla,
Iceland. Bulletin of Volcanology. 54 (3). 238–246.
26. Ármann Höskuldsson, Níels Óskarsson, Rikke Pedersen, Karl Grönvold,
Kristín Vogfjörð & Rósa Ólafsdóttir 2007. The millennium eruption of
Hekla in February 2000. Bulletin of Volcanology 70 (2). 169–182.
27. Freysteinn Sigmundsson & Magnús Tumi Guðmundsson, Eldgosið í
Grímsvötnum 1.–6. nóvember 2004. Jökull 2004 (54). 139–142.
28. Magnús Tumi Guðmundsson, Ármann Höskuldsson, Guðrún Larsen,
Þorvaldur Þórðarson, Bergrún Arna Óladóttir, Björn Oddsson, Jónas
Guðnason, Þórdís Högnadóttir, Stevenson, J.A., Houghton, B.F.,
McGarvie, D. & Guðmunda María Sigurðardóttir 2012. The May 2011
eruption of Grímsvötn. Bls. 12119 í: EGU General Assembly. Vín.
29. Þorvaldur Þórðarson & Self, S. 1993. The Laki (Skaftár Fires) and
Grímsvötn eruptions in 1783–1785. Bulletin of Volcanology 55 (4). 233–263.
30. Páll Einarsson 1991. Umbrotin við Kröflu 1975–1989. Bls. 97–139 í: Nátt-
úra Mývatns (ritstj. Arnþór Garðarsson & Árni Einarsson). Hið íslenska
náttúrufræðifélag, Reykjavík.
31. Oddur Sigurðsson 1980. Surface deformation of the Krafla fissure swarm
in two rifting events. Journal of Geophysics-Zeitschrift für Geophysik 47
(1–3). 154–159.
32. Kristján Sæmundsson 1991. Jarðfræði Kröflukerfisins. Bls. 24–95 í: Nátt-
úra Mývatns (ritstj. Arnþór Garðarsson & Árni Einarsson). Hið íslenska
náttúrufræðifélag, Reykjavík.
33. Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Vadon, H. & Massonnet, D. 1997. Readjust-
ment of the Krafla spreading segment to crustal rifting measured by
satellite radar interferometry. Geophysical Research Letters 24 (15).
1843–1846.
34. Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Hooper A., Sigrún Hreinsdóttir, Kristín S. Vog-
fjörð, Benedikt G. Ófeigsson, Elías Rafn Heimisson, Dumont S., Parks M.,
Spaans, K., Gunnar B. Guðmundsson, Drouin V., Þóra Árnadóttir, Krist-
ín Jónsdóttir, Magnús T. Guðmundsson, Þórdís Högnadóttir, Hildur
María Friðriksdóttir, Hensch, M., Páll Einarsson, Eyjólfur Magnússon,
Samsonov, S., Bryndís Brandsdóttir, White, R.S., Þorbjörg Ágústsdóttir,
Greenfield, T., Green, R.G., Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir, Pedersen, R., Bennett,
R.A., Halldór Geirsson, La Femina, P.C., Helgi Björnsson, Finnur Pálsson,
Sturkell, E., Bean, C.J., Möllhoff, M., Braiden, A.K. & Eibl, E.P.S. 2015.
Segmented lateral dyke growth in a rifting event at Bardarbunga vol-
canic system, Iceland. Nature 517 (7533). 191–195.
35. Magnús Tumi Guðmundsson, Kristín Jónsdóttir, Hooper A., Holohan,
E.P., Sæmundur A. Halldórsson, Benedikt G. Ófeigsson, Cesca, S., Kristín
S. Vogfjörð, Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Þórdís Högnadóttir, Páll Einarsson,
Olgeir Sigmarsson, Jarosch, A.H., Kristján Jónasson, Eyjólfur Magnús-
son, Sigrún Hreinsdóttir, Bagnardi, M., Parks, M.M., Vala Hjörleifsdóttir,
Finnur Pálsson, Walter T.R., Schöpfer, M.P.J., Heimann, S., Reynolds, H.I.,
Dumont S., Bali, E., Guðmundur H. Guðfinnsson, Dahm, T., Roberts,
M.J., Hensch, M., Belart, J.M.C., Spaans, K., Sigurður Jakobsson, Gunnar
B. Guðmundsson, Hildur M. Friðriksdóttir, Drouin, V., Dürig, T., Guð-
finna Aðalgeirsdóttir, Riishuus, M.S., Pedersen, G.B.M., Boeckel, T., Björn
Oddsson, Pfeffer, M.A., Barsotti, S., Baldur Bergsson, Donovan A, Burton
M.R. & Aiuppa, A. 2016. Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga
volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow. Science 353 (6296),
aaf8988.
36. Pollard, D.D., Delaney, P.T., Duffield, W.A., Endo, E.T. & Okamura, A.T.
1983. Surface deformation in volcanic rift zones. Tectonophysics 94 (1).
541–584.
37. Mastin, L.G. & Pollard, D.D. 1988. Surface Deformation and Shallow
Dike Intrusion Processes at Inyo Craters, Long Valley, California. Journal
of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 93 (B11). 13221–13235.
38. Guttormur Sigbjarnarson 1993. Norðan Vatnajökuls. II. Jarðlagaskipan
og jarðfræðikort. Náttúrufræðingurinn 63 (3–4). 201–217.
39. Hartley, M.E. & Þorvaldur Þórðarson 2013. The 1874–1876 volcano‐tec-
tonic episode at Askja, North Iceland: Lateral flow revisited. Geochemis-
try, Geophysics, Geosystems 14 (7). 2286–2309.
40. Hooper, A., Benedikt G. Ófeigsson, Freysteinn Sigmundsson & Halldór
Geirsson 2008. Recent deep-seated magmatic activity and the 2008 M6.3
Earthquake: Applicability of ALOS/PALSAR in Iceland. Bls. 1–7 í: ALOS
Workshop (ritstj. Lacoste, H. & Ouwehand, L.) Ródos, Grikklandi.
41. Kristján Sæmundsson & Haukur Jóhannesson 2005. Inspection of faults
at Kárahnjúkar carried out in July and August 2005. Íslenskar
orkurannsóknir, Reykjavík. 32 bls +kort.