Náttúrufræðingurinn - 2017, Blaðsíða 13

13
Tímarit Hins íslenska náttúrufræðifélags
English Summary
Tourist attitudes towards trans-
mission lines in Icelandic nature
In the last few years tourist visits to
Iceland have increased dramatically and
the tourism industry has grown im-
mensely. Most tourists visit the country
because of its nature, and thus particular
care has to be taken when its appearance
is altered. A growing demand for elec-
tricity has increased the need for a more
powerful distribution network through-
out Iceland and there are plans for build-
ing new transmission lines, either in ar-
eas where these are already in place, or
a c ro s s t h e h i g h l a n d p l a t e a u
Sprengisandur. Due to the importance
of tourism and the necessity for reinforc-
ing the electric transmission system, it is
imperative to understand the attitudes
of tourists and the tourism industry to-
wards transmission lines in nature.
Little research has been conducted on
the effects of transmission lines on tour-
ists’ nature experiences. However, as a
part of environmental impact assess-
ments, several reports have been written
in Iceland on the effects of proposed
transmission lines on tourism. Tourists’
attitudes were analysed using a ques-
tionnaire at seven locations where the
construction of a power plant is pending.
We found that tourists are generally neg-
ative towards transmission lines, espe-
cially in the Highlands. Transmission
lines are considered one of the least de-
sirable structures and most people do
not consider them appropriate in wil-
derness areas. Still, there is a considera-
ble dissimilarity between the positions
of different nationalities, the opposition
towards transmission lines being high-
est among Icelandic tourists.
Þakkir
Guðmundur Björnsson, Birgitta Stefánsdóttir, Silja Gunnarsdóttir og Ása
Margrét Einarsdóttir dreifðu spurningalistum til ferðamanna. Gerður
Gautsdóttir og Hulda Þorsteinsdóttir aðstoðuðu við innslátt gagnasafnsins
og Adam Hoffritz annaðist kortagerð. Georgette Leah Burns, Laufey Har-
aldsdóttir og Egill Björn Thorstensen sáu um dreifingu og innslátt spurn-
ingalista í Skagafirði. Rannveig Ólafsdóttir veitti góð ráð til úrbóta á hand-
ritinu og Áslaug J. Marinósdóttir las handritið yfir með tilliti til málsfars.
Þeim öllum er þökkuð aðstoðin.
Heimildir
1. Cain, N.L. & Nelson, H.T. 2013. What drives opposition to high-voltage
transmission lines? Land Use Policy 33. 204–213. DOI: 10.1016/j.landuse-
pol.2013.01.003
2. Vajjhala, S.P. & Fischbeck, P.S. 2007. Quantifying siting difficulty: A case
study of US transmission line siting. Energy Policy 35 (1). 650–671. DOI:
10.1016/j.enpol.2005.12.026
3. Furby, L., Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B. & Gregory, R. 1988. Public perceptions
of electric power transmission lines. Journal of Environmental Psychol-
ogy 8 (1). 19–43. DOI: 10.1016/S0272-4944(88)80021-5
4. Devine-Wright, P. & Howes, Y. 2010. Disruption to place attachment and
the protection of restorative environments: A wind energy case study.
Journal of Environmental Psychology 30 (3). 271–280. DOI: 10.1016/j.
jenvp.2010.01.008
5. Priestley, T. & Evans, G.W. 1996. Resident perceptions of a nearby electric
transmission line. Journal of Environmental Psychology 16 (1). 65–74.
DOI: 10.1006/jevp.1996.0006
6. Soini, K., Pouta, E., Salmiovirta, M., Uusitalo, M. & Kivinen, T. 2011.
Local residents’ perceptions of energy landscape: The case of transmis-
sion lines. Land Use Policy 28 (1). 294–305. DOI: 10.1016/j.landuse-
pol.2010.06.009
7. Devine-Wright, P. & Batel, S. 2013. Explaining public preferences for
high voltage pylon designs: An empirical study of perceived fit in a rural
landscape. Land Use Policy 31. 640–649. DOI: 10.1016/j.landuse-
pol.2012.09.011
8. van den Berg, A.E., Koole, S.L. & van der Wulp, N.Y. 2003. Environmental
preference and restoration: (How) are they related? Journal of Environ-
mental Psychology 23 (2). 135–146. DOI: 10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00111-1
9. Arriaza, M., Cañas-Ortega, J.F., Cañas-Madueño, J.A. & Ruiz-Aviles, P.
2004. Assessing the visual quality of rural landscapes. Landscape and
Urban Planning 69 (1). 115–125. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.029
10. Ulrich, R.S. 1993. Biophilia, biophobia, and natural landscapes. Bls.
73–137 í: The Biophilia Hypothesis (ritstj. Kellert, S.R. & Wilson, E.O.).
Island Press, Washington.
11. Tveit, M.S., Sang, Å.O. & Fry, G. 2006. Key concepts in a framework for
analysing visual landscape character. Landscape Research 31 (3). 229–
255. DOI: 10.1080/01426390600783269
12. Nadaï, A. & van der Horst, D. 2010. Wind power planning, landscapes
and publics. Land Use Policy 27 (2). 181–184. DOI: 10.1016/j.landuse-
pol.2009.09.009
13. Devine-Wright, P. 2009. Rethinking NIMBYism: The role of place attach-
ment and place identity in explaining place-protective action. Journal of
Community & Applied Social Pshychology 19 (6). 426–441. DOI:
10.1002/casp.1004
14. Tempesta, T., Vecchiato, D. & Girardi, P. 2014. The landscape benefits of
the burial of high voltage power lines: A study in rural areas of Italy.
Landscape and Urban Planning 126. 53–64. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurb-
plan.2014.03.003
15. Vorkinn, M. & Riese, H. 2001. Environmental concern in a local context:
The significance of place attachment. Environment and Behavior 33 (2).
249–263. DOI: 10.1177/00139160121972972
16. Tangeland, T. & Aas, Ø. 2010. Kraftinstallasjoner i naturområder – Effek-
ter på turisme, friluftsliv og bruk av fritidsboliger: En litteraturstudie.
Norsk institutt for naturforskning, Ósló. 32 bls.
17. Anna Dóra Sæþórsdóttir & Rögnvaldur Ólafsson 2012. Áhrif raflínu frá
Hólmsárvirkjun að Sigöldulínu 4 á ferðamennsku og útivist. Land- og
ferðamálafræðistofa, Líf- og umhverfisvísindadeild Háskóla Íslands,
Reykjavík. 97 bls.
18. Gunnþóra Ólafsdóttir 2009. Áhrif fyrirhugaðrar háspennulínu frá
Blönduvirkjun til Akureyrar – Blöndulínu 3 – á ferðaþjónustu og útivist.
Rannsóknarmiðstöð ferðamála, Akureyri. 124 bls.
19. Rögnvaldur Guðmundsson 2006. Nýjar og endurbyggðar háspennulín-
ur á og frá Hellisheiði: Áhrif á útivist og ferðaþjónustu. 58 bls. http://
engineering.is/MAU-Gogn/3-8-mau-bitruvirkjun/Vidaukar/Rogn-
valdur-Gudmundsson-2006.pdf (skoðað 13. maí 2016).
20. Rögnvaldur Guðmundsson 2009. Suðvesturlínur: Áhrif á útivist og
ferðaþjónustu. 140 bls. http://www.skipulag.is/media/attachments/
U m h v e r f i s m a t / 5 3 6 / V i % C 3 % B 0 a u k i % 2 0 4 % 2 0 - % 2 0
Fer%C3%B0a%C3%BEj%C3%B3nusta%20og%20%C3%BAtivist.pdf
(skoðað 13. maí 2016).
21. Tangeland, T., Aas, Ø. & Qvenild, M. 2006. 420 kV kraftledning Ørskog
–Fardal: Konsekvenser for friluftsliv, turisme og fritidsboliger. Norsk
institutt for naturforskning, Lillehammer. 112 bls.
22. Rieck, N.A. 2006. 420 kV ledning Sima-Samnanger: Friluftsliv. 45 bls.
http://www.statnett.no/PageFiles/1340/Dokumentarkiv/~4-Fagrap-
porter%20til%20konsekvensutredningen/Delutredning%20konsekven-
ser%20for%20friluftsliv%20_Sima%20-%20Samnanger_Asplan%20
Viak%20AS,%20juni%202006.pdf (skoðað 16. mars 2016).
23. Tangeland, T. 2009. 420 kV kraftledning Ofoten-Balsfjord: Konsekvensu-
tredning for turisme og reiseliv. Norsk institutt for naturforskning, Lille-
hammer. 68 bls.
24. Helland, L.K.B. & Biørnstad, I. 2009. 420 kV ledning Balsfjord – Hammer-
fest: Konsekvensutredning for tema turisme og reiseliv. 64 bls. http://
www.statnett.no/PageFiles/1297/Dokumenter/~9-Fagrapporter%20
og%20temakart/Fagrapport%20turisme.pdf (skoðað 16. mars 2016).
25. Anna Dóra Sæþórsdóttir 2012. Ferðamennska á miðhálendi Íslands:
Staða og spá um framtíðarhorfur. Land- og ferðamálafræðistofa, Líf- og
umhverfisvísindadeild Háskóla Íslands, Reykjavík. 50 bls.
26. Anna Dóra Sæþórsdóttir 2010. Planning nature tourism in Iceland based
on tourist attitudes. Tourism geographies 12 (1). 25–52. DOI:
10.1080/14616680903493639
27. Ragnheiður Elín Árnadóttir 2016. Skýrsla Ragnheiðar Elínar Árnadóttur
iðnaðar- og viðskiptaráðherra um raforkumálefni. (Lögð fyrir Alþingi á
143. löggjafarþingi 2015–2016). 104 bls. https://www.althingi.is/altext/
pdf/145/s/1070.pdf (skoðað 22. apríl 2016).
28. Orkustofnun 2016. Orkutölur 2015.http://os.is/gogn/os-onnur-rit/
orkutolur_2015-islenska.pdf (skoðað 12. júní 2016).
29. Landsnet 2015. Kerfisáætlun 2015–2024. http://www.landsnet.is/libr-
ary/Skrar/Kerfisaaetlanir/2015-2024/ny-skjol-mai-2016/Kerfisaael-
un%202015-2024.pdf (skoðað 16. maí 2016).
30. Hagstofa Íslands 2017. Vöru- og þjónustuviðskipti. https://hagstofa.is/
talnaefni/efnahagur/utanrikisverslun/voru-og-thjonustuvidskipti/
(skoðað 21. febrúar 2017).
31. Ferðamálastofa 2017. Ferðamenn um Keflavíkurflugvöll. http://www.
ferdamalastofa.is/is/tolur-og-utgafur/fjoldi-ferdamanna/talningar-
-ferdamalastofu-i-flugstod-leifs-eirikssonar (skoðað 25. janúar 2017).
32. Ferðamálastofa 2015. Ferðaþjónusta á Íslandi í tölum. 27 bls. http://