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Náttúrufræðingurinn - 2012, Side 71

Náttúrufræðingurinn - 2012, Side 71
71 Tímarit Hins íslenska náttúrufræðifélags Þakkir Ýmsar hafa lagt vinnu af mörkum við lestur handritsins og annan undir- búning að þessari grein. Fyrst vil ég þakka Rósu Ólafsdóttur fyrir teikn- ingu flestra myndanna. Sveinbjörn Björnsson, Kristín Vala Ragnarsdóttir og ónefndur ritrýnir lásu handritið og komu með margar góðar ábend- ingar sem hafa bætt handritið verulega og stuðlað að skýrara málfari. Þeim þakka ég öllum veitt framlag. Heimildir 1. Bertrani, R. 2010. Geothermal power generation in the world 2005–2010 update report. í: World Geothermal Congress 2010, Balí. Indónesíu, 24.– 29. apríl 2010, útdráttur 0008. 2. Lund, J.W., Freeston, D.H. & Boyd, T.L. 2010. Direct utilization of geother- mal energy, 2010 worldwide review. í: World Geothermal Congress 2010, Balí. Indónesíu, 24.–29. apríl, 2010, útdráttur 0007. 3. Stefán Arnórsson, Guðni Axelsson & Kristján Sæmundsson 2008. Geo- thermal systems in Iceland. Jökull 58. 269–302. 4. Brundtland-skýrsla SÞ 1987. Our common future. Report on the World Commission on Environment and Development, Oxford University Press, New York. 400 bls. 5. Guðmundur Pálmason 2005. Jarðhitabók: eðli og nýting auðlindar. Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag, Reykjavík. 298 bls. 6. Meadows, D., Randers, J. & Meadows, D. 2004. The limits to Growth: the 30-year update. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, White River Junction, VT. 338 bls. 7. Kristín Vala Ragnarsdóttir, Sverdrup, H.U. & Koca, D. 2012. Assessing long term sustainability of global supply of natural resources and mate- rials. í: Sustainable Development – Energy, Engineering and Technolo- gies – Manufacturing and Environment (ritstj. Ghenai, C.). InTech Pub- lishers. 83–116. 8. Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Person, Å., Chaplin, F.S., Lambin, E.S., Lenton, T.M., Sheffers, M., Folke, K., Schnellnhuber, H.J., Nykvist, B., de Wit, Hughes, T., van der Leeuw, S., C.A., Rodhe, H., Sörlin, S., Snyder, P.K., Costanza, R., Svedin, U., Falkenmark, M., Karlberg, L., Corell, R.W., Fabry, V.J., Hansem, J., Walker, B., Liverman, D., Richardson, K., Crutzen, P. & Foley, J.A. 2009. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461. 472–475. 9. Wikipedia 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Temperature_ Anomaly_1880–2010_%28Fig.A%29.gif 10. European Union 2009. Official Journal of the European Union 1. 140/16–62. 11. Survey of Energy Resources 2010. World Energy Council – For sustaina- ble energy (www.worldenergy.org/publications/3040.asp). 12. Valgarður Stefánsson 2000. The renewability of geothermal energy. Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2000, Kyushu – Tohoku, Japan, 28. maí til 10. júní 2000. 883–888. 13. Mannington, W.I., O'Sullivan, M.J.O., Bullivant, D.P. & Clotworthy, A.W. 2004. í ráðstefnuriti Twenty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Kaliforníu, 26.–28. janúar, 2004, STP-TR-175. 14. Glover, R.B. & Mroczek, E.K. 2009. Chemical changes in natural features and well discharges in response to production at Wairakei, New Zealand. Geothermics 38. 117–133. 15. O'Sullivan, M., Yeh, A. & Mannington, W. 2010. Renewability of geother- mal resources. Geothermics 39. 314–320. 16. Sanyal, S.K. 2005. Sustainability and renewability of geothermal power capacity. í: World Geothermal Congress 2005, Antalya, Turkey, útdráttur 0520. 17. Gunnar Böðvarsson 1982. Terrestrial energy currents and transfer in Iceland. Bls. 271–282 í: Continental and oceanic rifts (ritstj. Guðmundur Pálmason). Geodynamic Series 8. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. 18. Trausti Einarsson 1966. Um orsakir jarðhitans. Tímarit Verkfræðinga- félags Íslands 51. 23–32. 19. Sveinbjörn Björnsson 1980. Jarðhiti, grunnvatn og varmi. Náttúrufræð- ingurinn 50. 271–293. 20. Axel Björnsson, Guðni Axelsson & Ólafur G. Flóvenz 1990. Uppruni hvera og lauga á Íslandi. Náttúrufræðingurinn 60. 15–38. 21. Faure, G. 1991. Principles and applications of inorganic geochemistry. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. 626 bls. 22. Hartmann, W.K. & Davis, D.R. 1975. Satellite-sized planetesimals and lunar origin. Icarus 24. 504–515. 23. Pollack, H.N., Hurter, S.J. & Johnson, J.R. 1993. Heat-flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set. Reviews of Geophysics 31. 267–280. 24. Hofmeister, A.M. & Criss, R.E. 2005. Earth's heat flux revised and linked to chemistry. Tectonophysics 395. 159–177. 25. Jaupart, C., Labrosse, S. & Mareschal, J.-C. 2007. Temperatures, heat and energy in the mantle of the Earth. Bls. 253–303 í: Treatise on Geophysics 7, Mantle Convection (ritstj. Bercovici, D.). Elsevier. 26. Davis, J.H. & Davis, R.D. 2010. Earth's surface heat flux. Solid Earth 1. 5–24. 27. Schwarzschild, B.M. 2011. Neutrinos from Earth's interior measure the planet's radiogenic heating. Physics Today 64. 14–17. 28. Guðmundur Pálmason, Gunnar V. Johnsen, Helgi Torfason, Kristján Sæmundsson, Karl Ragnars, Guðmundur Ingi Haraldsson & Gísli Karel Halldórsson 1985. Mat á jarðvarma Íslands. Orkustofnun, skýrsla OS-85076/JHD-10. 134 bls. 29. Goff, F. & Janik, C.J. 2000. Geothermal systems. Bls. 817–834 í: Encyclo- pedia of Volcanoes (ritstj. Haraldur Sigurðsson). Pergamon Press, New York. 30. Gunnar Böðvarsson 1961. Physical characteristics of natural heat resources in Iceland. Jökull 11. 29–38. 31. Guðmundur Pálmason 1973. Crustal structure of Iceland from explosion seismology. Societas Scientiarum Islandica XL. 187 bls. 32. Ólafur G. Flóvenz 1980. Seismic structure of the Icelandic crust above layer three and the relation between body wave velocity and the altera- tion of the basaltic crust. J. Geophys. 47. 211–220. 33. McBirney, A.R. 1984. Igneous petrology. Oxford University Press. 504 bls. 34. Forrester, R.W. & Taylor, H.P. 1977. O-18/O-16, D/H, and C-13/C-12 studies of Tertiary igneous complex of Skye, Scotland. Amer. J. Sci. 277. 136–177. 35. Taylor, H.P. & Forester, R.W. 1979. An oxygen and hydrogen isotope study of the Skaergaard intrusion and its country rocks: a description of 55 m.y. old fossil hydrothermal system. Journal of Petrology 20. 355–419. 36. Ágúst Guðmundsson 1987. Formation and mechanics of magma reser- voirs in Iceland. Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc. 91. 27–41. 37. Walker, G.P.L. 1974. Eruptive mechanisms in Iceland. Bls. 189–201 í: Geodynamics of Iceland and the North Atlantic Area (ritstj. Leó Kristjánsson). Dordrecht, Boston. 38. Þráinn Friðriksson, Bjarni Reyr Kristjánsson, Halldór Ármannsson, Eygerður Margrétardóttir, Snjólaug Ólafsdóttir & Chiodini, G. 2006. CO2 emissions and heat flow through soil, fumaroles, and steam heated mud pools at the Reykjanes geothermal area, SW Iceland. Applied Geochem- istry 21. 1551–1569. 39. Þröstur Hrafnkelsson 2011. Svartsengi: Árlegt eftirlit með vatnsvinnslu vatnsveitunnar og hitaveitunnar og endurskoðun grunnvatnslíkans fyrir árið 2010. Vatnaskil verkfræðistofa. 95 bls. (skýrsla unnin fyrir HS-orku). 40. Kristján Sæmundsson & Ingvar Birgir Friðleifsson 1980. Jarðhiti og jarð- fræðirannsóknir. Náttúrufræðingurinn 50. 157–188. 41. Gunnar Böðvarsson 1983. Temperature/flow statistics and thermome- chanics of low-temperature geothermal systems in Iceland. J. Volc. Geo- thermal Res. 19. 255–280. 42. Halldór Ármannsson, Ágúst Guðmundsson & Benedikt Steingrímsson 1987. Exploration and development of the Krafla geothermal area. Jökull 37. 13–30. 43. Giroud, N.G. 2008. A chemical study of arsenic, boron and gases in high- temperature fluids in Iceland. Doktorsritgerð, Háskóli Íslands. 110 bls. 44. Coumou, D., Driesner, T. & Heinrich C.A. 2008. Heat transport at boiling, near-critical conditions. Geofluids 8. 208–215. 45. Saar, M.O. 2011. Review: Geothermal heat as a tracer of large-scale groundwater flow and as a means to determine permeability fields. Hydrogeology Journal 19. 31–52. 46. Stefán Arnórsson, Andri Stefánsson & Jón Örn Bjarnason 2007. Fluid- fluid interaction in geothermal systems. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 65 (ritstj. Liebscher, A. & Heinrich, C.A.). 259–312. 47. Helgi Björnsson 1966. Suðuhiti í borholum. Orkustofnun, Reykjavík. 9 bls. 48. Truesdell, A.H. 1991. Origin of acid fluids in geothermal reservoirs. Geo- thermal Resources Council Trans 15. 289–296. 49. Truesdell, A.H., Haizlip, J.R., Halldór Ármannsson & D'Amore, F. 1989. Origin and transport of chloride in superheated geothermal steam. Geo- thermics 18. 295–304. 50. Giggenbach, W.F. & Corrales, S.R. 1992. Isotopic and chemical composi- tion of water and steam discharges from volcanic-magmatic-hydrother- mal systems of the Guanacaste Geothermal Province, Costa Rica. Appl. Geochem. 7. 309–332. 51. Angcoy, E.C. 2010. Geochemical modelling of the high-temperature Mahanagdong geothermal field. Mastersritgerð, Háskóli Íslands. 130 bls. 52. Halldór Ármannsson, Gestur Gíslason & Trausti Hauksson 1982. Mag- matic gases in well fluids aid the mapping of flow pattern in a geother- mal system. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46. 167–177. 53. Jón Örn Bjarnason & Magnús Ólafsson 2000. Í Torfajökli: efni í jarðgufu og vatni. Skýrsla Orkustofnunar OS-2000/030. 102 bls. 54. Poreda, R.J. & Stefán Arnórsson 1992. Helium isotopes in Icelandic geothermal systems: II. Helium-heat relationships. Geochim. Cosmo- chim. Acta 56. 4229–4235. 55. Stefán Arnórsson 2004. Environmental impact of geothermal energy utilization. Bls. 297–336 í: Energy, Waste and the Environment: A geo- chemical perspective (ritstj. Gieré, R. & Stille, P.). Geological Society of London, Special Publication 236. 297–336. 56. Kristján Sæmundsson 2011. Dulinn lághiti og virk eldstöðvarkerfi. Haustráðstefna jarðfræðafélags Íslands, 21. okt. 2011. 57. Stefán Arnórsson & Sigurður R. Gíslason 1990. Um uppruna lághita- svæða á Íslandi. Náttúrufræðingurinn 60. 39–56. 58. Ólafur G. Flóvenz & Kristján Sæmundsson 1993. Heat flow and geother- mal processes in Iceland. Tectonophys 225. 123–138.
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