Jökull


Jökull - 01.12.1985, Page 77

Jökull - 01.12.1985, Page 77
by the mid-nineteenth century the sandur sediments themselves became exposed to lichen colonization. Similarly, the absolute dates predicted for the formation of the sandur deposits in area B suggest lichen coloni- zation took place between c. 1850 (c. 1858, curve 2) for the upper terrace surfaces, and c. 1880 (c. 1884, curve 2) for the lowest surface. As in area A, the predicted dates may well represent the period of initiation of soil ero- sion, probably associated with heavy grazing by sheep. (2) Tephrochronologic evidence The substantial age of the high terrace surfaces of area A, (although apparently colonized by Iichens between c. 1843 and 1898), appears to be confirmed by a 14C date for a soil buried directly beneath the Skóga- sandur deposits and exposed on its northern margin. (Larsen, 1978; Einarsson et al. 1980; Thorarinsson, pers. comm.). (See note added in proof). At this site, the soil horizon lies above tephra layer „Y“, and 14C analysis of this soil indicates a date of approximately 600 A.D. In addition, the Landnámabók (Lodmund the Old, pp. 115—116; and see Sigbjarnar- son, 1973) refers to a massive flood that occurred during the tenth century, perhaps related to a Katla eruption at c. 930 A.D. (Einarsson et al. 1980). Hence the sedi- ments of Skógasandur appear to date from shortly after c. 600 A.D., (See Hofsá section Dd 117 by Larsen, in Einarsson et al. 1980), while the flood channels of zones IV, V and VI may date from between c. 600 A.D. and the tenth century. The large northern flood channel which emerges from Thurragil (Gorge 1) post-dates the Skógasandur deposits and its associated flood channels, and hence appears to date from about the tenth century (Landnámabók). After this date jökulhlaups from Mýr- dalsjökull were confined to the east of Skógasandur. The 1357 A.D. jökulhlaup from Sólheimajökull, for example, was channeled through the present Jökulsá valley, and the Yztagil and Holsargil gorges to the east (Einarsson et al, 1980), while most subsequent jökul- hlaups extended across Mýrdalssandur. In area B there are three relict soil patches directly overlying the Sólheimasandur surface (Fig. 1). The deepest of these soil patches (2 m thick) which lies on the lowest terrace, comprises up to ten tephra layers. The oldest tephra layer probably dates from the early fifteenth century (Katla 1416?). The Katla tephra from 1357 is absent at the base of the section. Hence the tephrochronologic data suggest that the higher sandur deposits accumulated between 1357 and 1416 (?) A.D. Nevertheless, there is a possibility that these sandur deposits were formed earlier than this, possibly in association with the Eystriheidi limit (Dugmore, in prep.), i.e. between c. 600 and 750 A.D. These sedi- ments were subsequently eroded or reworked to pro- duce the observed terrace sequence (Maizels, in prep.), and only finally abandoned after the 1357 A.D. jökul- hlaup. The lower deposits of area B (i.e. Zone X) appear to have been formed well before the accumulation of the Skogasandur deposits, and hence pre-date 600 A.D. They are so severely weathered that they may well date back to early Neoglacial times, and were only exhumed during fourteenth century. They subsequently developed a soil and vegetation cover that in turn has been gra- dually removed over the past century or so, re-exposing the oldest surface in the area. With one exception (Zone XI, see below), the out- wash deposits of areas C and D appear to be reasonably accurately dated using the lichen growth curves of Fig. 2, since these dates are also closely supported by mor- phologic, historical and field evidence of former ice limits. The Holar (Zone XI) deposit, however, which has been dated to the early nineteenth century by lichenometric methods, appears to be very much older than this, and according to other sources of evidence, is likely to date from before the mid-fourteenth century. Jaksch (pers. comm.) suggests that the Holar deposit may bear some resemblance to the Storalda moraine infront of Svínafellsjökull which, although it also exhibits lichen sizes of up to 110 mm, is covered by a Ioessial soil which contains tephra from the 1362 A.D. Öraefajökull eruption (Thorarinsson, 1956). Hence Jaksch’s conclusion suggests that the Holar deposit may date from pre-1362 A.D. The possibility of this date applying to the Holar deposit is supported in the Sólheimajökull area by several historical documents (e.g. see Bardarson, 1936; Magnusson, 1705 in Thor- arinsson, 1940) which indicate that Sólheimajökull did not extend beyond the 1890 limit (c.1.2 km upvalley from the Holar deposit; see Fig. 1). at any time during the previous 200 years, (that is, at no time between the periods 1704 and 1890). Hence the Holar deposit is likely to date from well before 1704, and possibly from pre-1362. According to Thorarinsson (1956, 1964) pre- Little Ice Age moraines (i.e. pre-1600), such as Stor- alda, may represent a glacial advance to a Holocene maximum in the early Subatlantic. More recently, Dugmore (in prep.) has obtained additional tephrochronologic evidence from the lateral moraine sequence located on the western margin of Eystriheiði (Fig. 2). Under the outermost ridge Dug- more found the pre-historic tephra layer „Y“ (notation after Einarsson et al 1980) suggesting that this moraine dates from post-600 A.D. A soil pit dug through to the underlying till between this outermost moraine ridge and the next inner moraine ridge revealed a complete JÖKULL 35. ÁR 75
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