Jökull


Jökull - 01.12.1985, Page 9

Jökull - 01.12.1985, Page 9
ÁGRIP mælingar á magni gosgufu í FORNUM ELDGOSUM Haraldur Sigurðsson, J.D. Devine og A.N. Davis Gosgufur eru mikilvægur þáttur í mörgum eldgosum vegna umhverfisáhrifa sem af þeim hljótast, svo sem loftslagsbreytinga og eitrunar lífríkis. í>ar sem vitneskja um magn og tegundir gosgufu er hins vegar takmörkuð við nútímagos, þá er æskilegt að þróa aðferðir til að áætla eða mæla einkenni gosgufu sem eimst hefur úr kviku í hinum stóru eldgosum fortímans. Slíka mælingu má gera með greiningu rjúkra efna, þ. e. þeirra efna sem greitt eimast úr kviku, í glerinnlyksum í kristöllum. Slíkar bergfræðilegar mælingar á heildarmagni af brennisteini, klór og flúor í gjósku frá um tuttugu stórgosum frá ýmsum eldfjöllum jarðar, veita niðurstöð- ur, sem eru í góðu samræmi við aðrar mælingar á heildarmagni gosgufu frá þessum gosum, byggðar á efnasamsetningu ískjarna o. fl. Þessar bergfræðirann- sóknir sýna, hins vegar, að brennisteinn er ekki ætíð yfírgnæfandi efnið, eftir vatni og kolsýru, eins og jafnan er álitið, heldur eru klór og flúor jöfn og jafnvel magnmeiri í gosgufum í vissum flokki eldgosa. Ber þar hæst stórgosið í Tambora eldfjalli á Indonesiu árið 1815, en samkvæmt bergfræðilegum mælingum á gjósku, hef- ur flóð frá þessu sprengigosi flutt sem svarar 200 milljón tonna af klórsýru og um 130 milljón tonna af flúorsýru inn í andrúmsloft jarðar. REFERENCES Arnold F. and Th. Buhrke 1983: New H2S04 and HS03 vapour measurements in the stratosphere — evi- dence for a volvanic influence. Nature, 301: 293— 295. Axelrod, D.I. 1981: Role of volcanism in climate and evolution. Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Amer. 185: 1—59. Carey, S.N. and H.Sigurdsson, 1982: Influence of parti- cle aggregation on deposition of distal tephra from the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano. J. Geophys. Res. 87: 7061-7072. Carey, S.N. and H. Sigurdsson, 1985: The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 2. Modeling of dyna- mics of the Plinian phase. J. Geophys. Res. 90: 2948-2958. Castleman, A.W. Jr., H.R. Munkelwitz and B. Man- owitz, 1974: Isotopic studies of the sulfur component of the stratospheric aerosol layer. Tellus, 26: 222— 234. Devine, J.D. and H. Sigurdsson, 1983: The liquid com- position and crystallization history of the 1979 Souf- riere magma of St. Vincent, W.I.J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 16: 1—31. Devine, J.D., H. Sigurdsson, A.N. Davis and S.J. Self, 1984: Estimates of sulfur and chlorine yield to the atmosphere from volcanic eruptions and potential climatic effects. J. Geophys. Res. 89: 6309—6325. Evans, W.C., N.G. Banks and L.D. White, 1981: Analyses of gas samples from the summit crater, Geol Surv. Prof. Paper 1250: 227-231. Hammer, C.U., 1977: Past volcanism revealed by Greenland Ice sheet impurities. Nature, 270: 482- 486. Hammer, C.U., 1980: Acidity of polar ice cores in relation to absolute dating, past volcanism and radio-echoes. J. Glaciol. 25: 359—372. Hammer, C.U., 1984: Traces of Icelandic eruptions in the Greenland ice sheet. Jökull, 34: 51—65. Hammer, C.U., H.B. Clausen andW. Dansgaard, 1980: Greenland ice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcan- ism and its climatic impatic impact. Nature, 288: 230-235. Hansen, J., D. Johnson, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, P. Lee, D. Rind, and G. Russell, 1981: Climate impact of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science, 213: 957-966. Herron, M.M., 1982: Impurity sources of F, Cl, N03 and S04 in Greenland and Antartic precipitation. J. Geophys. Res. 87: 3052-3060. Herron, M.M. 1982: Glaciochemical dating techniques. In: Nuclear and Chemical Dating Techniques. Amer. Chem. Soc. Ser. 176: 303—318. Hobbs, P.V., L.F. Radke, M.W. Eltgroth and D.A. Hegg, 1981: Airborne studies of the emissions from the volcanic eruption of Mount St. Helens. Science 211: 816-818. Hoff R.M. and A.J. Galiant, 1980: Sulfur dioxide emissions from La Soufriere volcano, St. Vincent, West Indies. Science, 209: 923—924. Hofmann, D.J., and O.M. Rosen, 1984: On the temporal variation of stratospheric aerosol size and mass during the first 18 months following the 1982 eruptions of E1 Chichon. J. Geophys. Res. 89: 4883-4890. Huppert, H.E., J.B. Shepherd, H. Sigurdsson and R.S.J. Sparks, 1982: On lava dome growth, with application to the 1979 lava extrusion of the Souf- riere of St. Vincent. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 14: 199-222. Inn, E.C.Y., J.F. Vedder, E.P. Condon and D. O’Hara, Gaseous constituens in the plume from JÖKULL 35. ÁR 7
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