Ný saga - 01.01.1997, Qupperneq 105

Ný saga - 01.01.1997, Qupperneq 105
Summaries Jón Ólafsson Trained by the Comintern (í læri hjá Komintern) In the late 1920s and early 1930s, 20-30 Icelanders were sent to Moscow to study at institutions of the Communist Intemational and the Russian Communist Party. Most of these people later assumed middle- or low-level functions in the Communist Party of Iceland (from 1938 onwards the Socialist Party). The article deals with the stay and practical training of three Icelanders who went to Moscow in 1930, using documents from the Lenin School and the Westem University, as well as notes and diaries of one of the students. The author examines the social involvement of the students during their stay and how party training and practical work assignments in remote corners of the Soviet Union shaped their outlook for later party and trade union work in Iceland. Studying Communist party training offers interestings insights about the nature of Western left parties, many of whose core mem- bers were to some extent Moscow-educated. VISUAL HISTORY (SJÓN OG SAGA) Porgrímur Gestsson The Laugarnes residential district of Reykjavík emerges (Laugarneshverfi verður til) The article traces the emergence and develop- ment of the Laugarnes residential area on the outskirts of Reykjavík with the help of four photo- graphs. Around the turn of this century the first houses were built within the boundary of the Laugarnes farm (Picture 3), northeast of Reykja- vík. The area has gone through different develop- mental phases: the Leprosery and two fish pro- cessing plants were the most prominent buildings during the first decades of this century (Picture 1) and the swimming pool with its geothermal water furlher to the east (Picture 2) has also set its mark on the area. Shortly before and during the Second World War the area quickly developed as resi- dential area. Hclgi Skúli Kjartansson Settlement after settlcment (Landnámið eftir landnám) The paper invites the reader to conceive of the settlement of Iceland as consisting of two distinct phases, the first defined by the need of each expedition to bring its own livestock, the second commencing when the propagation of domestic animals had relieved immigrants of such need. During the first phase self-suföcient expeditions were the prime mode of immigration and the diffi- cult transport of animals meant that immigrants had to be prepared for a largely hunting/gather- ing existence for the first years. The second phase was marked by a settlement of people who would bring, instead of animals, their wealth in “near- monetary" form (silver or valuable merchandise). Incipient trade would open up a second possibili- ty, of immigrants arriving as fare-paying passen- gers, seeking some sort of employment with established settlers. Thirdly, slaves would be imported if the shortage of free labour made this profitable. Probably such a shortage was more acute in the case of female than male labour, with the result that imported slave women may play a significant role in the ancestry of later Icelanders. Recent tephrochronological datings indicate that the settlement of Iceland was well underway, and even approaching the end of phase one, by 870. Some who were prominent settlers according to the saga tradition, seem to have arrived con- siderably later. It may well be that Iceland only attracted expeditions led by wealthy persons of respectable descent in the second phase of its settlement. Such people would establish them- selves as a social elite and be remembered as original settlers when pioneers of more lowly birth had been forgotten. Hrefna Margrét Karlsdóttir Prison work at the Reykjavík gaol early in the nineteenth century („Vinnan göfgar...“) The respectable white building in the heart of Reykjavík, Stjórnarráöshúsið, which today hous- es the Office of the Prime Minister, served as a prison from around 1770 until 1813. Even in its early years the prison was regarded not only as an institution of punishment but also of "correc- tion", where prisoners were to be reformed through useful work. The author utilizes the prison records, especially for the years 1807-1810, to examine the amount and type of work done by prisoners and presents evidence indicating that these activities were more extensive than is generally realised. The most common types of work werc fishing and fish processing, peat col- lection and construction work, wool working and meal preparation, the last two mostly confined to women prisoners. 103
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