Læknaneminn - 01.04.1996, Blaðsíða 98

Áhrif reykinga á frjósemi, meögöngu og fóstur
þess að síðkomin heilsufarsáhrif eru of fjarlæg og
vega mun minna meðal unglinga en hópáhrif og
lævís áróður tóbaksframleiðenda. Ný tóbaksvarna-
lög á Islandi gefa von um að nokkru meiri árangur
kunni að nást í baráttunni við reykingar ungs fólks
á barneignaaldri á næstu árum.
HEIMILDIR
1. Fredricsson B, Gilljam H. Smoking and reproduction.
Short and long term effects and benefits of smoking cessation. Acta
Obstet Gynecol Scand 1992; 71: 580-92.
2. Sveinsdóttir G, Ólafsdóttir S, Geirsson RT. Reykingar íslenskra kven-
na á meðgöngu. Læknablaðið 1990; 76: 111-5.
3. Ashford A, Gerlis R, Johnson P. Smoking in pregnancy: is the messa-
ge getting through? J Royal College Gen Pract 1986; 36: 494-5.
4. Hartz AJ, Kelber S, Borkowf H, Wild R, Gillis BL, Rimm AA. The
association of smoking with clinical indicators of altered sex steroids-
a study of 50 145 women. Public Health Reports 1987; 102: 254-9.
5. Howe G, Westhoff C, Vessey M, Yeates D. Effects of age, cigarette
smoking, and other factors on fertility: findings in a large prospecti-
ve study. Brit Med J 1985; 290: 1697-700
6. Jensen TK, Schaumburg I, Boldsen J. Cigarette smoking and time
before pregnancy among Danish Pharmacy assistants. Ugeskr Læger
1992; 154: 1360-3.
7. Tzonou A, Hsieh CC, Trichopoulous D et al. Induced abortions,
miscarriages, and tobacco smoking as risk factors for secondary in-
fertility. J Epidemiol Comm Health 1993; 47: 36-9.
8. Oldereid NB, Rui H, Purvis K. Lifestyles of men in barren couples
and their relationship to sperm quality. Int J Fertil 1992; 37: 343-9.
9. Suonio S, Saarikoski S, Kauhanen O, Metsapelto A, Terho J, Vol-
honen I. Smoking does affect fecundity. Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol 1990; 34: 89-95.
10. Miiller B, Zulewski H, Huber P, Ratcliffe JG, Staub JJ. Impaired act-
ion of thyroid hormone associated with smoking in women with
hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 1995; 15: 964-9.
11. Windham GC, Swan SH, Fenster L. Parental cigarette smoking and
the risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 1394-
403.
12. Kline J, Levin B, Kinney A, Stein Z, Susser M, Warburton D. Cigar-
ette smoking and spontaneous abortion of known karyotype. Precise
data but uncertain inferences. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141: 417-27.
14. Handler A, Davis F, Ferre C, Yeko T. The relationship of smoking
and ectopic pregnancy. Am J Public Health 1989; 79: 1239-42.
15. Van-Voorhis BJ, Syrop CH, Hammitt DG, Dunn MS, Snyder GD.
Effects of smoking on ovulation induction for assisted reproductive
techniques. Fertil Steril 1992; 58: 981-5.
16. Rosevear SK, Holt DW, Lee TD, Ford WC, Wardle PG, Hull MG.
Smoking and decreased fertilisation rates in vitro. Lancet 1992; 340:
1195-6.
17. Pattison HA, Taylor PJ, Pattison MH. The effect of cigarette smok-
ing on ovarian function and early pregnancy outcome of in vitro fer-
tilization treatment. Fertil Steril 1991; 55: 780-3.
18. Sastry BV. Placental toxicology: tobacco smoke, abused drugs, multi-
ple chemical interactions, and placental function. Reprod Fertil Dev
1991; 3: 355-72.
19. Shulman LP, Elias S, Tharapel AT, Li LR, Phillips OP, Simpson JL.
Sister chromatid exchange frequency in directly prepared cytothroph-
oblasts: demonstration of in vivo deoxyribonucleic acid damage in
pregnant women who smoke cigarettes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;
165: 1877-80.
20. Burton GJ, Palmer ME, Dalton KJ. Morphometric differences
between the placental vasculature of non-smokers, smokers and ex-
smokers. Bri J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 96: 907-15.
21. Teasdale F, Ghislaine JJ. Morphological changes in the placentas of
smoking mothers: a histomorphometric study. Biol Neonate 1989;
55: 251-9.
22. Andreucci D, Teodoro WR, Mariani C. Very high collagen increase
in placentae of smoking mothers. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1992; 34 :
88-91.
23. Brown HL, Miller JM Jr, Khawli O, Gabert HA. Premature placen-
tal calcification in maternal cigarette smokers. Obstet Gynecol 1988;
71:914-7.
24. Jauniaux E, Burton GJ. The effect of smoking in pregnancy on early
placental morphology. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 79: 645-8.
25. Asmussen I. Ultrastructure of the villi and fetal capillaries in placent-
as from smoking and nonsmoking mothers. Brit J Obstet Gynaecol
1980; 87: 239-45.
26. Lahdetie J, Engstrom K, Husgaível Pursiainen K, Nylund L, Vainio
H, Sorsa M. Maternal smoking induced cotinine levels and genotox-
icity in second trimester amniotic fluid. Mutat Res 1993; 300: 37-43.
27. Castro LC, Allen R, Ogunyemi D, Roll K, Platt LD. Cigarette smok-
ing during pregnancy: acute effects on uterine flow velocity wa-
veforms. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 81: 551-5.
28. Kelly J, Mathews KA, O'Connor M. Smoking in pregnancy: effects
on mother and fetus. Brit J Obst Gyn 1984; 91: 111-7.
29. Graca LM, Cardoso CG, Clode N, Calhaz Jorge C. Acute effects of
maternal cigarette smoking on fetal heart rate and fetal body movem-
ents felt by the mother. J Perinat Med 1991; 19: 385-90.
30. Lethovirta P, Forss M, Kariniemi V, Rauramo I. Acute effects of nico-
tine on fetal heart rate variability. Brit J Obstet Gynaecol 1983; 90:
710-5.
31. DowTGB, Rooney PJ, Spence M. Does anaemia increase the risks to
the fetus caused by smoking in pregnancy? Brit Med J 1975; 4: 253-
4.
32. Andersen KV, Hermann N. Placenta flow reduction in pregnant
smokerts. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1984; 63: 707-9.
33. Buchan PC. Cigarette smoking in pregnancy and fetal hyperviscosi-
ty. Brit MedJ 1983; 286: 1315.
34. Ylikorkala O, Viinikka L. The role of prostaglandins in obstetrical
disorders. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 6: 809-27.
35. Ahlsten G. Smoking in pregnancy: Influence on vascular prostacycl-
in and platelet thromboxane synthesis in newborn infants. Thesis,
Uppsala University, Uppsala 1985.
36. Marcoux S, Brisson J, Fabia J. The effect of cigarette smoking on the
risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Am J Epidemiol
1989; 130: 950-7.
37. Cardozo LD, Gibb DMF, Studd JWW, Cooper DJ. Social and
obstetric features associated with smoking in pregnancy. Brit J Obstet
Gynaecol 1982; 89: 622-7.
38. Hubner F, Schonlau H, Stumpf C. Effect of risk factors on premat-
ure labor and neonatal condition following delivery. Z Geburtsh Per-
inatol 1988; 192: 91-5.
39. Davies JM, Latto IP, Jones JG, Veale A, Wardrop CAJ. Effects of
stopping smoking for 48 hours on oxygen availability from the
blood: a study on pregnant women. Brit Med J 1979; 2: 355-6.
40. Heffner LJ, Sherman CB, Speizer FE, Weiss ST. Clinical and en-
vironmental predictors of preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 81:
750-7.
41. Voigt LF, Hollenbach KA, Krohn MA, Daling JR, Hickok DE. The
relationship of abruptio placentae with maternal smoking and small
for gestational age infants. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 75: 771-4.
42. Williams MA, Lieberman E, Mittendort R, Monson RR, Schoen-
baum SC. Risk factors for abruptio placentae. Am J Epidemiol 1991;
134: 965-72.
43. Raymond EG, Mills JL. Placental abruption. Maternal risk factors
and associated fetal conditions. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993;
72: 633-9.
44. Zhang J, Fried DB. Relationship of maternal smoking during pregn-
ancy to placenta previa. Am J Prev Med 1992; 8: 278-82.
45. Lilja GMC. Placenta precia, maternal smoking and recurrence risk.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1995; 74: 341-45.
46. Harger JH, Hsing AW, Touomala RE, Gibbs RS, Mead PB, Eschen-
bach DA, Knox GE, Polk BF. Risk factors for preterm premature
rupture of fetal membranes: a multicenter case-control study. Am J
Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163: 130-7.
47. Myhra W, Davis M, Mueller BA, Hickok D. Maternal smoking and
the risk of polyhydramnios. AM J Public Health 1992; 82: 176-9.
48. English PB, Eskenazi B. Reinterpreting the effects of maternal smok-
ing on infant birthweight and perinatal mortality: a multivariate app-
LÆKNANEMINN
88
1. tbl. 1996, 49. árg.