Jökull


Jökull - 01.01.2001, Page 63

Jökull - 01.01.2001, Page 63
Caldera formation at Cerro las Cumbres, Mexico CONCLUSIONS The eruption in the Cerro las Cumbres volcano, east- ern Mexico, at 16,980 870 yr B.P., led to the forma- tion of a caldera 3.5 to 4.5 km in diameter. At the time of the eruption the volcano was capped by a glacier. Upon contact with the magma, glacier ice melted, ini- tiating explosive interactions between the magma and the melt water, forming widespread phreatomagmatic deposits. Subsequently, the eruption style became plinian when water was prevented from accessing the eruptive vent, resulting in caldera collapse. Collapse of the central block obstructed the conduit and the eruption style was transformed to vulcanian as water regained access to the vent. Increased effusion rate and/or clearing of the vent reverted the eruption style to plinian again. Toward the end, the eruption inten- sity declined and plinian activity moderated to vulca- nian once more. The eruption ended with the extru- sion of a dacitic dome complex onto the caldera floor. Tephra that fell upon the ice cap was later washed away as the glacier melted, leaving a zone around the caldera free of deposits formed during the eruption. The total volume of magma estimated to be extruded by the eruption is on the order of 7-9 km  (DRE, Table I). Of this volume, 4 km  (2.2 km  DRE) was extruded during the first phase of the eruption. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the following persons that greatly contributed to this paper by discussions dur- ing its preparation: Dr. G. Camus, Dr. E. Aydar and Dr. O. Sigmarsson. Dr. R. B. Waitt, Dr. J. Luhr and Dr. G. Ablay are greatly acknowledged for reviewing this manuscript. For logistic and transport support during field work I thank Dr. J. Mayer at the Centre d’Etudes Mexicain et Centro Americain in Mexico City. Þor- valdur Þórðarson is thanked for a very detailed review of this paper. ÁGRIP Eldfjallið Cerro Las Cumbres í Mexíkó gaus mjög öfl- ugu gosi fyrir um 16980 árum. Í eldgosinu myndað- ist askja sem er um 3,5 til 4,5 km í þvermál. Kvik- an sem upp kom í eldgosinu var há-K rhýólít og dacít. Ójafnvægi í kristallasamsetningu kom fram við smásjár skoðun á dasítinu sem myndar hraungúl inni í öskjunni. Hraungúllinn er síðasta kvika sem upp kemur í eldgosinu og er því hægt að áætla að um ein- hverja kvikublöndun hafi verið að ræða skömmu fyrir gos í botni kvikuhólfsins. Rýólít vikurinn frá eld- gosinu inniheldur mikið af bíótít kristöllum sem gerir gjóskuna mjög auðkennilega. Í þessari grein eru leidd að því rök að eldfjallið hafi verið hulið jökulhettu á tímum eldgossins. Jökulhettan bráðnaði í gosinu og olli leysingarvatnið því að eldgosið varð phreatomag- matískt. Í byrjun goss flæddu niður vestur fjallshlíðina jökulhlaup og gjóskuflóð og finnast ummerki þeirra undir loftbornu gjóskunni. Þegar gosið hafði einangr- að sig frá bræðsluvatninu varð það plíniskt. Öskju- myndunin hófst þegar í miðju gosi og leiddi til þess að toppur fjallsins féll saman. Við sig fjallsins teppt- ist gosrásin tímabundið og gosið varð aftur phreato- magmatískt. Þegar gosrásin hafði hreinsast náði gos- ið aftur plínískum eiginleikum. Í lok eldgossins dróg all verulega úr kvikustreymi sem leiddi enn aftur til phreatomagmatískra sprenginga. Gosinu lauk síðan með því að hraungúllinn El Cumbre Grande myn- daðist inni í öskjunni. Hringlaga krans í kringum öskj- una gefur til kynna hámarksútbreiðslu jökulhettunnar á tímum eldgossins. Heildar rúmmál gosefna er upp komu er í kringum 7-9 km  (DRE), af þessu komu upp um 4 km  (2,1 km  DRE) á fyrstu mínútum gossins. REFERENCES Colgate S. A. and Þ. Sigurgeirsson 1973. Dynamic mixing of water and lava. Nature 244, 552-554. Cox K. G., J. D. Bell and R. J. Pankhurst 1979. The inter- pretation of the igneous rocks. George Allen and Un- win, London, pp. 450. Bond A. and R. S. J. Sparks 1976. The Minoan eruption of Santorini, Greece. J. Geol. Soc. London 132, 1-16. Fierstein J. and M. Nathenson 1992. Another look at the calculation of fallout tephra volumes. Bull. Volcanol. 54, 156-167. Fisher R. V. and H. U. Schmincke 1984. Pyroclastic rocks. New York, Springer Verlag, pp. 472. Gourgaud, A. 1985. Mélanges de magmas dans les séries alcalines et calco-alcalines: leur rôle dans la génèse JÖKULL No. 50 63
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