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Jökull - 01.01.2001, Qupperneq 71

Jökull - 01.01.2001, Qupperneq 71
The Laki sulfuric aerosol cloud in Europe 1783 Finally, the descriptions by Swinden and Dr. Brugmannus of the instantaneous damage caused by the Laki haze to vegetation in Holland is remark- ably similar to modern observations on damage in trees and other plants caused by acid precipitation from industrial pollution. The magnitude of these effects implies that at the time the atmospheric con- centration of sulfuric acid exceeded 1.6 mg/l and may have been in the range of several tens of mg/l (Park, 1987). This clearly demonstrates the potential scale of this type of volcanic pollution, even in regions that are far removed from the volcano. Acknowledgements We like to thank Marylin Moore (1941—1994), the SOEST (University of Hawaii) librarian, who enthu- siastically assisted us in acquiring the original version of van Swinden’s essay. We also like to extend our gratitude to Dr. Susan Lintleman, for translating the Latin text, and Hildur Albertsdóttir and Dr. Erick Ra- manaidou for translating the French text. ÁGRIP Samtímalýsing S. P. van Swinden á útbreiðslu Skaftáreldamóðunnar í Evrópu og áhrifum hennar á lífríkið Vísindalegur áhugi á tengslum eldgosa við veðurfars- og umhverfisbreytingar hefur vaxið verulega á undan- förnum þremur áratugum. Móðuharðindin sem fylgdu í kjölfar Skaftárelda árið 1783 og afleiðingar þeirra fyrir íslenskt samfélag eru landsmönnum vel kunn. Aftur á móti hefur minni gaumur verið gefinn að umhverfis- og veðurfarsáhrifum Skaftáreldamóðunn- ar utanlands, sennilega vegna þess hversu yfirþyrm- andi áhrifin voru á Íslandi. Brennisteinsmóðan frá Skaftáreldum barst inn yfir Evrópu í slíku magni að hún hafði veruleg áhrif á ásýnd lofthvolfsins, sem varð óvenju drungalegt og gruggugt. Sólin sást sem blóðrauður hnöttur við sólar- lag og eftir sólaruppkomu. Yfir hádaginn var sólin hulin rauðri eða gulbleikri blæju og skin hennar svo dauft að menn gátu horft í hana með berum augum. Þessi fyrirbæri vöktu almenna athygli í Evrópu og komu af stað fjörugri umræðu í fréttablöðum og vís- indatímaritum. Þessar samtímalýsingar veita mikil- vægar upplýsingar um útbreiðslu móðunnar í Evrópu og þau áhrif sem hún hafði á umhverfið og samfélag- ið. Sumar af athyglisverðustu lýsingunum af Skaftár- eldamóðunni yfir Evrópu er að finna í grein sem Swinden, prófessor við Franeker háskólann í Hol- landi, ritaði fyrir árbók Veðurfræðifélagsins í Mann- heim árið 1783. Greinin, sem er á latínu, inniheldur beinar athuganir af einkennum móðunnar (þ.e. þurra- þokunni) og áhugaverðar lýsingar af áhrifum hennar á lífríkið. Af þessum sökum er hún endurbirt hér í heild sinni í enskri þýðingu Dr. Susan Lintleman. REFERENCES Angell, J. and J. Korshover 1985. Surface temperature changes following the six major volcanic episodes be- tween 1780–1980. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 24, 937–951. Demarée, G. R., A. E. J. Ogilvie and D. Zhang 1998. Fur- ther evidence of Northern Hemispheric coverage of the Great Dry Fog of 1783. Climatic Change 39, 727– 730. Fiacco, J. J., Th. Thordarson, M. S. Germani, S. Self, J. M. Palais, S. Withlow and P. M. Grootes 1994. At- mospheric aerosol loading and transport due to the 1783–84 Laki eruption in Iceland, interpreted from ash particles and acidity in the GISP2 ice core. Qua- ternary Research 42, 231–240. Finnsson, H. 1796. Mannfækkun í Hallærum. (Decimation of the population in Iceland due to famines). In Ice- landic. Almenna Bókafélagið, 1970, Reykjavík, 209 pp. Grattan, J. P. 1998. The distal impact of volcanic gases and aerosols in Europe: a review of the 1783 Laki fissure eruption and environmental vulnerability in the late 20th century. Geological Society, Special Publications 15, 7–53. Grattan, J. P. and D. J. Charman 1994. Non-climatic factors and the environmental impact of volcanic volatiles: implications of the Laki Fissure eruption of AD 1783. The Holocene 4(1), 101–106. Grattan, J. P. and M. Brayshay 1995. An amazing and por- tentous summer: Environmental and social responses in Britain to the 1783 eruption of an Iceland volcano. The Geographic Journal 161, 125–134. JÖKULL No. 50 71
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