Læknaneminn - 01.04.2018, Page 35

Læknaneminn - 01.04.2018, Page 35
R itr ýn t e fn i 35 vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) og hindrar þannig nýæðamyndun í æxlinu. Lyfið hefur reynst lengja tímann að endurkomu og bæta lifun hjá þeim konum sem ekki verða æxlisfríar eftir aðgerð.98­100 PARP­ hemlar eru sem stendur aðeins notaðir hjá konum sem eru með staðfesta stökkbreytingu í BRCA­genum en þeir virka á æxli með galla í DNA­viðgerðarferlum af völdum þessara stökkbreytinga.101 Nýlegar rannsóknir sýna einnig fram á góða virkni PARP­hemla hjá BRCA­neikvæðum konum.102 Endurkoma og lifun Svörun við lyfjameðferð er oftast góð en hjá um 80% kvenna fer sjúkdómurinn í dvala (e. remission) eftir fyrstu meðferð. Stór hluti þeirra eða um 75% með illkynja þekjufrumu­ krabbamein fær sjúkdóminn hins vegar aftur innan tveggja ára.103 Nánast alltaf er veitt lyfjameðferð við endurkomum sem í fæstum tilfellum er þó læknandi. Hún lengir þó líf sjúklinga og bætir líðan. Horfur illkynja krabbameins í eggjastokkum eru almennt slæmar. Þættir sem hafa áhrif á lifun eru stig, aldur, sérhæfing æxlisvaxtar, dreifing æxlisvaxtar í kvið og æxlisvefur sem eftir verður í lok aðgerðar.73,90,92,104 Í Töflu V má sjá 5 ára lifun eftir FIGO­stigi.73 Aðra sögu er að segja um jaðaræxli en flestir teljast fulllæknaðir eftir aðgerð.105 Lokaorð Krabbamein í eggjastokkum er alvarlegur sjúkdómur sem oft greinist langt genginn vegna vægra og ósértækra einkenna. Horfur eru þá ekki góðar en skurðaðgerð og krabbameinslyfjameðferð eru helsta meðferð við sjúkdómnum. Með umfangsmeiri (e. radical) skurðaðgerðum og nýjum lyfjum er von um betri horfur hjá þessum sjúklingahópi. Tafla V. 5 ára lifun eftir FIGO-stigi.73 Stig 5 ára lifun (%) IA 92 IB 85 IC 85 IIA 75 IIB 67 IIC 70 IIIA 50 IIIB 43 IIIC 33 IV 18 Heimildaskrá 1. Jónasson JG, Tryggvadóttir L. Krabbamein á Íslandi. Upplýsingar úr Krabbameinsskránni fyrir tímabilið 1955-2010. Reykjavík: Krabbameinsfélagið; 2012. 2. Krabbameinsskrá. Leghálskrabbamein. 2016; http://www.krabbameinsskra. is/?icd=C53. 3. Sigurdsson K, Sigvaldason H. Effectiveness of cervical cancer screening in Iceland, 1964­2002: a study on trends in incidence and mortality and the effect of risk factors. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica. 2006;85(3):343­349. 4. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. Mar­Apr 2011;61(2):69­90. 5. Arbyn M, Castellsagué X, de Sanjosé S, et al. Worldwide burden of cervical cancer in 2008. Annals of Oncology. 2011;22(12):2675­ 2686. 6. Board PDQATE. Cervical Cancer Treatment (PDQ(R)): Health Professional Version. PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002. 7. Aster KA. Robbins Basic Pathology. 9 ed2013. 8. Comprehensive Cervical Cancer Control: A Guide to Essential Practice. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. 9. Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Lancet (London, England). Sep 08 2007;370(9590):890­907. 10. Ault KA. Epidemiology and natural history of human papillomavirus infections in the female genital tract. Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology. 2006;2006 Suppl:40470. 11. Trottier H, Franco EL. The epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Vaccine. Mar 30 2006;24 Suppl 1:S1­15. 12. Comparison of risk factors for invasive squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the cervix: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 8,097 women with squamous cell carcinoma and 1,374 women with adenocarcinoma from 12 epidemiological studies. International journal of cancer. Feb 15 2007;120(4):885­ 891. 13. Plummer M, Herrero R, Franceschi S, et al. Smoking and cervical cancer: pooled analysis of the IARC multi­centric case­­ control study. Cancer causes & control : CCC. Nov 2003;14(9):805­814.. 14. Moreno V, Bosch FX, Munoz N, et al. Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer in women with human papillomavirus infection: the IARC multicentric case­control study. Lancet (London, England). Mar 30 2002;359(9312):1085­1092. 15. Sundar S, Neal RD, Kehoe S. Diagnosis of ovarian cancer. BMJ. 2015;351:h4443. 16. Bosch FX, Broker TR, Forman D, et al. Comprehensive Control of Human Papillomavirus Infections and Related Diseases. Vaccine. 2013;31(0 8):I1­31. 17. Moreira ED, Jr., Block SL, Ferris D, et al. Safety Profile of the 9­Valent HPV Vaccine: A Combined Analysis of 7 Phase III Clinical Trials. Pediatrics. Aug 2016;138(2). 18. Appleby P, Beral V, Berrington de Gonzalez A, et al. Cervical cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data for 16,573 women with cervical cancer and 35,509 women without cervical cancer from 24 epidemiological studies. Lancet (London, England). Nov 10 2007;370(9599):1609­1621. 19. Quinn MA, Benedet JL, Odicino F, et al. Carcinoma of the cervix uteri. FIGO 26th Annual Report on the Results of Treatment in Gynecological Cancer. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. Nov 2006;95 Suppl 1:S43­103. 20. Narayan K, Lin MY. Staging for cervix cancer: Role of radiology, surgery and clinical assessment. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. Aug 2015;29(6):833­844. 21. Tsikouras P, Zervoudis S, Manav B, et al. Cervical cancer: screening, diagnosis and staging. J BUON. 2016;21(2):320­325. 22. Sadalla JC, Andrade JM, Genta ML, Baracat EC. Cervical cancer: what’s new? Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992). Nov­Dec 2015;61(6):536­542. 23. Landoni F, Maneo A, Colombo A, et al. Randomised study of radical surgery versus radiotherapy for stage Ib­IIa cervical cancer. Lancet (London, England). Aug 23 1997;350(9077):535­540. Framhald af heimildalista greinarinnar er að finna á bls 137.
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